State v. Snyder

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 119,452

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

STEVEN JON SNYDER,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Saline District Court; JARED B. JOHNSON, judge. Opinion filed February 14, 2020.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for resentencing.

Jennifer C. Roth, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Ellen Mitchell, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before SCHROEDER, P.J., MALONE and STANDRIDGE, JJ.

PER CURIAM: Steven J. Snyder appeals following his convictions of two counts of
rape, one count of attempted rape, two counts of aggravated indecent liberties with a
child, and one count of kidnapping. Snyder claims: (1) the State committed reversible
prosecutorial error during closing argument; (2) the district court committed reversible
error by denying his request to use demonstrative exhibits during closing argument; (3)
even if the first two errors do not independently require reversal, they do so when
considered cumulatively; (4) there was insufficient evidence to support his kidnapping
conviction; (5) the district court committed reversible error in instructing the jury on
kidnapping; (6) Snyder's convictions of aggravated indecent liberties were multiplicitous;
2

(7) the district court erred by ordering consecutive sentences; and (8) the district court
erred by ordering lifetime postrelease supervision. We agree with Snyder that there was
insufficient evidence to support his kidnapping conviction and that his convictions of
aggravated indecent liberties were multiplicitous. We also agree that the district court
erred by ordering lifetime postrelease supervision. Thus, we affirm in part, reverse in
part, vacate in part, and remand for resentencing.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The parties are aware of the extensive factual and procedural history of this case.
We will set forth the facts only to the extent necessary to address the issues Snyder has
raised on appeal. Snyder met A.B. (Mother) in 2005, and they began an off-and-on
romantic relationship. Their first daughter, K.B., was born in 2006 and their second
daughter, H.S., was born in 2010.

In 2014, Mother's sister's son, D.L., was charged in juvenile proceedings with
molesting K.B. Snyder asserts that he was the individual who reported to police that D.L.
had molested K.B. and that doing so strained his relationship with Mother. Their
relationship became so strained that Mother asked him to relinquish his parental rights to
K.B. and H.S., but Snyder refused to do so. In December 2014, Mother, H.S., and K.B.
moved into a new home, and Snyder went to live with his parents. Even though they were
separated, Snyder would watch the girls at Mother's house while Mother worked in the
basement, taking calls for a cell phone insurance company.

In April 2015, H.S. told Mother that Snyder "had touched her 'puter,'"—H.S.'s
word for vagina—with his "turkey"—H.S.'s word for penis. Mother asked H.S. if she was
sure, and H.S. said she was. Mother called Snyder, who denied it, and Mother did not
report H.S.'s accusation to the police. Mother thought that H.S. was trying to get attention
because Mother was putting so much attention into D.L. molesting K.B.
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Mother and Snyder continued their "on and off" relationship, but at some point in
2015, Snyder stopped taking care of the girls at Mother's home while she worked. On
November 16, 2015, Mother opened the door to H.S.'s bedroom and saw her lying on the
bed on her back with her feet on the wall, naked, with her body in "a 'v'" position and her
fingers in her vagina. Startled, H.S. pulled her fingers out of her vagina. Mother told H.S.
not to do that because she could hurt herself, and H.S. said, "'But Mommy my Daddy
does it.'" Mother asked what H.S. meant, and H.S. replied "'He takes his turkey and puts
it on my puter.'" Mother did not question H.S. further at the time; instead, she told H.S.
"'that's not supposed to happen'" and put H.S. to sleep in her bed. Mother tried to call
Snyder, but she could not reach him. She also called Maternal Grandmother and told her
what H.S. had said; Maternal Grandmother advised her to call the police.

Mother called the Salina Police Department on November 18, 2015. She told the
dispatcher that she "need[ed] to report child molestation" of her daughter. When asked if
she knew what happened or who molested her daughter, Mother replied, "Her dad," and
gave Snyder's name. Mother explained that she "caught [H.S.] playing with herself and
we had a discussion and she told me that her dad would touch her." The dispatcher told
Mother that they would send someone to speak with her.

Officers Andrew Meek and Jon Roberts responded to the call. Mother told them
that she had seen H.S. "playing with herself" two days earlier, so she asked H.S., "Has
anybody done that to you?" and H.S. replied, "My daddy." After explaining to Roberts
that H.S.'s "word for penis is turkey" and her word for vagina is "puter," Mother said that
H.S. told her that Snyder "took his turkey and put it in my puter."

Mother explained that H.S. had made similar comments the previous April, but
Mother thought she was making the comments to get attention, "like her older sister is
getting attention" because of D.L.'s ongoing juvenile proceedings. Mother said that
Tuesday evening—the night before Mother called the police—H.S. also told her about a
4

time when Snyder was watching television with K.B. and H.S. and he had a blanket over
H.S. "and he was messing with her." H.S. had told Mother that Snyder had touched her
"underneath my flower blankie." Mother also said that she had asked K.B. if Snyder had
done anything to her and K.B. denied that anything happened.

Detective Crystal Marks was assigned to the case and she scheduled a forensic
interview for H.S. on November 20, 2015. Highly summarized, H.S. told Marks that her
dad had put his "puter" on her "puter" more than one time. On November 25, 2015,
Marks interviewed K.B., who stated that her cousin had molested her but that no one else
had ever touched her in a place she did not like. That same day, Snyder was arrested and
charged with three counts of rape of H.S.

Mother began taking H.S. and K.B. to counseling. In November 2016, K.B. told
her therapist that Snyder had touched her inappropriately when she was nine years old.
When Marks learned that K.B. had disclosed that Snyder had molested her, she scheduled
a second forensic interview with K.B. During the second interview, K.B. said that Snyder
made her touch his penis and that he tried to touch her vagina. K.B. said that she, H.S.,
and Snyder were in Snyder's room on his bed, and H.S. was "sound asleep." K.B. said,
"He was trying to pull down my pants. But then I got to escape. But then he dragged me
back in the room." She clarified that Snyder unbuttoned and unzipped her pants and
pulled them and her underwear down. K.B. told Snyder that she had to go to the
bathroom, where she tried to lock the door, "but somehow he got in."

When Marks took K.B. through the events, asking for more detail, K.B. said that
Snyder's hands were "right there" when she made her excuse to escape, and she pointed
to her abdominal/genital area. Marks asked if Snyder's hands were "on your vagina" and
K.B. nodded and agreed. At this point in the interview, K.B. said that Snyder had rubbed
his hand "on the outside" of her vagina for "a minute" before she said she had to go to the
5

bathroom. K.B. stated that her pants were around her ankles when she went into the
bathroom, and she closed the bathroom door.

When Snyder opened the bathroom door, K.B. tried to crawl out to run away and
get outside, but Snyder grabbed her arm, so she tried to kick him and tried to escape.
Later in the interview, K.B. said after Snyder grabbed her arm, "he like tried to pull me,
so I kicked him." Then, still in the bathroom, Snyder rubbed the outside of her vagina by
putting his hand inside her underwear. K.B. said that the bathroom door was shut again
when Snyder rubbed her vagina, at which point, H.S. had woken up and was trying to get
into the bathroom.

Later in the interview, K.B. told Marks that earlier during the same nap, Snyder
had grabbed her hand and made her touch his penis and he ignored her when she told him
to stop. K.B. estimated that the entire nap was 30 minutes to an hour. K.B. said she
touched his penis for about a minute and it was "slimy" and "soft like a worm." K.B. said
that when she pulled her hand away, Snyder began pulling her pants down. Toward the
end of the interview, Marks asked K.B. about her initial comment that Snyder dragged
her back into the bedroom. K.B. said he had not dragged her into the bedroom, he
dragged her back into the bathroom when she was trying to escape.

As a result of these statements, the State charged Snyder in a new criminal case
with three counts of aggravated indecent liberties with a child and one count of
kidnapping. With the district court's permission, the State consolidated the two cases
against Snyder, resulting in one case charging three counts of raping H.S., three counts of
committing aggravated indecent liberties with K.B., and one count of kidnapping K.B.

The five-day jury trial began on August 28, 2017. We will not recite all the
evidence admitted at the trial. Marks testified about her forensic interview with the
6

children. H.S. testified and, highly summarized, described three times that Snyder
touched or tried to touch her "puter" with his "puter."

K.B. also testified. K.B. testified that Snyder had touched her private parts in his
bedroom when she was nine years old. K.B. testified that her grandparents were out
shopping, and H.S., K.B., and Snyder were in his bedroom to take a nap. All three of
them were under the covers and Snyder unbuttoned her pants, pulled the zipper down,
and pulled her pants down. K.B. testified that she "thought he was going to try to touch"
her, so she "made an excuse to get out" by asking asked Snyder if she could go to the
bathroom. She then went to the bathroom, shut and locked the door, and "stay[ed] in
there until" Snyder's parents came home. K.B. maintained that Snyder did not come into
the bathroom, he never asked her to touch him, she never touched him, and she did not
remember telling Marks that she touched his penis. K.B. did, however, remember telling
Marks that Snyder "did it a second time, and he got [her] pants and [her] panties down,
and then [she] went to go to the bathroom and he came in."

As for the second time, K.B. testified that she, H.S., and Snyder again were taking
a nap in Snyder's bedroom, but this time H.S. and Snyder were under the covers and K.B.
was not. K.B. was lying back to back with Snyder when "he pulled [her] over and then he
pulled down [her] pants." K.B. testified that Snyder undid her pants, pulled her pants and
underwear down around her thighs, and rubbed the front of her vagina with his hand for
about a minute until she asked to go to the bathroom. Once again, K.B. said that Snyder
was clothed, she did not touch him, and she did not see his "private part."

K.B. testified she went to the bathroom and shut the door. Snyder then came into
the bathroom. K.B. testified that Snyder "pulled down my pants again, and then my
panties, and then he went to touch me and then like he was still standing up, so I crawled
underneath his legs and then I ran outside." On further questioning, K.B. testified that
while they were in the bathroom, Snyder again moved his hand back and forth on her
7

vagina. On cross-examination, K.B. testified that she told Mother what had happened
when she got home, and that the second incident happened in the summer of 2015.

The State also presented evidence that the distance from Snyder's bedroom to the
bathroom was 2 feet, 11 inches. After the State rested, Snyder moved for a judgment of
acquittal for insufficient evidence on the rape and kidnapping charges, and he argued that
the charges of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B. were multiplicitous. The district
court reserved ruling on the multiplicity argument and denied the rest of the motion.

Snyder testified on his own behalf. He denied touching H.S. inappropriately, he
denied exposing himself to her, and he stated that he had never heard H.S. use the term
"puter." Similarly, he denied K.B.'s allegations. He also testified that he was never alone
with his children in his home.

At the close of the evidence, Snyder again argued to the district court that the three
charges of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B. were multiplicitous because they arose
from the same conduct. The State conceded that Snyder had a point about two of the
charges, and the district court ruled that those two charges should merge into one. After
the merger, two charges of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B. remained: one based
on Snyder's alleged behavior in his bedroom, and one based on his alleged behavior in
the bathroom. The district court held that these two charges were not multiplicitous
because they were separate instances of conduct.

In accordance with the district court's order merging two of the aggravated
indecent liberties charges, the State filed a fourth amended information, charging Snyder
with three counts of rape of H.S., two counts of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B.,
and one count of kidnapping K.B. On two of the rape charges, the district court instructed
the jury that it could also find Snyder guilty of the lesser included offense of attempted
rape. After about three hours of deliberation on September 1, 2017, the jury found Snyder
8

guilty of two counts of rape and one count of attempted rape of H.S., two counts of
aggravated indecent liberties with K.B., and one count of kidnapping K.B.

On April 23, 2018, the district court sentenced Snyder to 59 months' imprisonment
for the kidnapping conviction and to life imprisonment with no chance of parole for 25
years on each of the remaining five convictions. The district court ordered Snyder to
serve the kidnapping sentence, one of the hard 25 rape sentences, and one of the hard 25
aggravated indecent liberties with a child sentences consecutively, with the remaining
sentences running concurrently. From the bench, the district court ordered Snyder to
serve lifetime postrelease supervision for each conviction except kidnapping. Snyder
timely filed a notice of appeal from the district court's judgment.

On appeal, Snyder does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support
his convictions of rape or attempted rape of H.S. Likewise, Snyder does not challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction of aggravated indecent liberties with
K.B., but he argues there should only be one conviction of this crime and not two. Snyder
claims: (1) the State committed prosecutorial error during closing argument; (2) the
district court erred by denying his request to use demonstrative exhibits during closing
argument; (3) the first two errors require reversal when considered cumulatively; (4)
there was insufficient evidence to support his kidnapping conviction; (5) the district court
erred in instructing the jury on kidnapping; (6) Snyder's convictions of aggravated
indecent liberties were multiplicitous; (7) the district court erred by ordering consecutive
sentences; and (8) the district court erred by ordering lifetime postrelease supervision.

DID THE STATE COMMIT PROSECUTORIAL ERROR DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT?

Snyder first claims the State committed reversible prosecutorial error during
closing argument. He argues that certain statements constituted error by improperly
bolstering the credibility of the State's witnesses and by shifting the burden of proof to
9

the defense. During closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the evidence the State had
presented at trial, including

"all of the digital media that was introduced to you in this case; the 9-1-1 call, the Axon
of the officer that captures the demeanor of [Mother] when she was very first reporting
this to the authorities, and the forensic interviews of these children, which were taken and
captured so much closer in time to when the molest[ing] occurred compared to, what,
two years later, when they have to come into court in front of a room of strangers, and
their father, sitting just feet away from them." (Emphasis added.)

While discussing H.S.'s allegations against Snyder, the prosecutor said: "So when
you consider the consistency, the corroboration, the credibility, the additional disclosures
over time, ask yourselves what motive does six-year-old [H.S.] have to falsify or distort
this conspiracy of sexual abuse against her dad now." (Emphasis added.) Later in closing
argument, the State acknowledged the differences between K.B.'s trial testimony and her
2016 statements to Marks, telling the jury: "In her forensic interview, [K.B.] clearly said
that she had to touch his penis. . . . Wet and slimy and everything. In court, when he is
feet away from her, she could not say that." (Emphasis added.) And finally, toward the
end of its initial closing argument, the State asked the jury, "What motive does [Mother]
have for this?" and instructed: "As you assess this case, consider consistency,
corroboration, what motive do these children have to make this up, what motive does he
have. You assess the credibility of the witnesses." (Emphasis added.)

Kansas courts use a two-step process to analyze claims of prosecutorial error:

"'To determine if the prosecutor erred, "the appellate court must decide whether
the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude afforded prosecutors to
conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a manner that does not
offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial." If the court finds error, the
burden falls on the State to demonstrate "beyond a reasonable doubt that the error
complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the entire
10

record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the
verdict."' [Citations omitted.]" State v. James, 309 Kan. 1280, 1306-07, 443 P.3d 1063
(2019).

Snyder's only specific arguments are that the comments quoted above, taken
together, implied to the jury that Snyder had "to prove motive" and that the prosecutor's
statement that K.B. "could not" tell the truth in front of Snyder "was vouching for the
truth of [K.B.'s] second forensic interview." Both arguments fail.

"Kansas caselaw provides that it is '"'improper for the prosecutor to attempt to
shift the burden of proof to the defendant or to misstate the legal standard of the burden
of proof.'"' But even so, '"'considerable latitude [is] granted to prosecutors to comment on
the weakness'" of the defense.' [Citations omitted.]" State v. Blansett, 309 Kan. 401, 414,
435 P.3d 1136 (2019).

Snyder argues that the prosecutor impermissibly shifted the burden of proof
through her comments on Snyder's, Mother's, K.B.'s, and H.S.'s possible motives to make
the statements that they did, leaving him required to prove that he had no motive to lie.
But improper burden shifting occurs, for example, when a prosecutor asks the jury
whether there was "'"any evidence that [the crimes] didn't happen? Is there any evidence
that the things [the victim] told you didn't happen?"'" See State v. Tosh, 278 Kan. 83, 92,
91 P.3d 1204 (2004), overruled on other grounds by State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 378
P.3d 1060 (2016). The comments Snyder highlights in this appeal simply asked the jury
to consider the various witnesses' motives for their statements, the comments did not shift
the burden of proof to Snyder. See State v. Ross, 310 Kan. 216, 222, 445 P.3d 726 (2019)
("A prosecutor does not shift the burden of proof by highlighting the implausibility of a
defendant's account.").

Moreover, none of the comments Snyder now challenges impermissibly vouch for
any witness' credibility. Certainly, "a prosecutor is not allowed to offer a personal opinion
11

on credibility." State v. Williams, 299 Kan. 911, 935, 329 P.3d 400 (2014). And
prosecutors are not allowed to accuse witnesses of lying or inform the jury that a witness
is telling the truth. For example, a prosecutor may not argue "during closing argument
that a witness was 'brutally honest' and 'was on the stand telling you the truth.'" State v.
Knox, 301 Kan. 671, Syl. ¶ 3, 347 P.3d 656 (2015).

But asking a jury to consider possible motives behind a witness' statements and
evaluate witness credibility differs from vouching for a witness' credibility. In State v.
Ortega, 300 Kan. 761, 335 P.3d 93 (2014), the Kansas Supreme Court recognized:

"Although it is improper for a prosecutor to offer his or her personal opinion as to the
credibility of a witness, a prosecutor has '"freedom . . . to craft an argument that includes
reasonable inferences based on the evidence"' and, 'when a case turns on which [version]
of two conflicting stores is true, [to argue] certain testimony is not believable.' For
example, it is not improper for a prosecutor to offer 'comments during closing argument
regarding the witness' motivation [or lack thereof] to be untruthful.' But a prosecutor
must do so by basing the comment on evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from
that evidence and without stating his or her own personal opinion concerning a witness'
credibility or accusing a witness or defendant of lying. [Citations omitted.]" 300 Kan. at
775-76.

Even before Ortega, the Kansas Supreme Court held that statements like the ones
Snyder now challenges were not improper. In State v. Finley, 273 Kan. 237, 247, 42 P.3d
723 (2002), the Kansas Supreme Court considered a prosecutor's comment that the
defendant and his girlfriend "'are the only ones that really have a motive to fabricate any
lies in this case'" and concluded that it was "a fair comment based on reasonable
inferences from the evidence." In State v. King, 288 Kan. 333, 353, 204 P.3d 585 (2009),
the court held that a prosecutor's argument that the victim "was not the person who had a
'motive' to be untruthful" was permissible, even though "the natural implication of this
12

statement is that [the defendant] did have a motive to conceal the truth," because the
"argument was fair and based on the evidence."

As Snyder acknowledges, this case depended on credibility determinations—
which version of events did the jury find more credible. In that context, the prosecutor's
comment that K.B. "could not" testify about her abuse with Snyder present is a
reasonable inference from the evidence presented, including her age and her prior
statements. Similarly, the other statements Snyder characterizes as impermissibly
vouching for witness' credibility were merely requests that the jury consider the evidence
before it "to determine the weight and credit to be given the testimony of each witness,"
as the district court had instructed it to do.

The comments of which Snyder complains did not fall outside the wide latitude
afforded prosecutors in closing argument to fairly obtain a conviction. Thus, we do not
need to consider the second step of the analysis about whether the alleged prosecutorial
error affected the outcome of the trial. Snyder's claim of error on this point fails.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR BY DENYING SNYDER'S REQUEST TO USE
DEMONSTRATIVE EXHIBITS DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT?

Next, Snyder claims the district court committed reversible error by denying his
request to use demonstrative exhibits during closing argument. During the jury
instruction conference, Snyder's counsel told the district court that he was "contemplating
using a demonstrative aid at time of closing regarding the burden of proof." The record
on appeal contains black-and-white copies of the proposed demonstrative aids identified
as Defendant's Exhibit 2 and Defendant's Exhibit 3, which are set forth here in
substantially similar form.


13

Defendant's Exhibit 2

BURDEN OF PROOF
Guilty












Not
Guilty
Guilt Beyond a Reasonable
Doubt
Strong Belief

Guilt Likely

Probably Guilty

Possibly Guilty

Suspected

Perhaps

May Not Be

Possibly Not

Unlikely

Probably Not

Less Than Unlikely

Highly Unlikely

Believed Not Guilty



14

Defendant's Exhibit 3

LEGAL BURDENS OF PROOF
"BEYOND" REASONABLE DOUBT GUILTY
"REASONABLE DOUBT"
CRIMINAL TRIAL

NOT GUILTY
"CLEAR AND CONVINCING"
TERMINATE PARENTAL RIGHTS

NOT GUILTY
"PREPONDERANCE"
CIVIL TRIAL ($)

NOT GUILTY
"PROBABLE CAUSE"
SEARCH WARRANT – ARREST

NOT GUILTY
"REASONABLE SUSPICION"
TRAFFIC STOP
NOT GUILTY


The State objected, arguing that the Kansas Supreme Court disfavors quantifying
the burden of proof through tools. The district court took the request under advisement.
The next morning, before closing arguments, the district court denied Snyder's request,
holding that the aids would not "be helpful to assist the trier of fact." The district court
noted cases in which the Kansas Supreme Court "held that there's no definition or
analogy that could make the [concept] of reasonable doubt any clearer than the words
themselves" and that such efforts to define reasonable doubt usually only confuse jurors.

Snyder argues that this court should review the district court's denial of his request
de novo because it violated his constitutional right to present a full and complete defense.
See State v. Macomber, 309 Kan. 907, 921, 441 P.3d 479 (2019) ("An appellate court
reviews de novo a claim that the trial judge interfered with the defendant's constitutional
right to present a defense."). But Snyder did not make a constitutional argument to the
district court. And parties may not raise constitutional claims for the first time on appeal
15

without asserting one of the recognized exceptions to the general rule that prohibits doing
so. See State v. Daniel, 307 Kan. 428, 430, 410 P.3d 877 (2018). Snyder neither
acknowledges the failure to make a constitutional argument in district court nor asserts
that an exception applies to allow him to make that argument for the first time on appeal.

Snyder also argues that this court should review de novo because he "argues the
[district] court's decision was based on an error of law," citing State v. Dukes, 290 Kan.
485, 487, 231 P.3d 558 (2010). In Dukes, our Supreme Court held that Kansas appellate
courts review de novo a challenge to the "legal basis" for a district court's decision. 290
Kan. at 487. Although Snyder repeatedly asserts that the district court made "an error of
law," he does not specifically articulate what the alleged "error of law" was.

The State argues that we should review for abuse of discretion because a district
court exercises discretion over the use of demonstrative exhibits. Our Supreme Court has
held that the district court has the discretion to allow or disallow a demonstration for the
jury, in light of the "'demonstration's propriety, probative value, and assistance to the trier
of fact.'" State v. Donesay, 270 Kan. 720, 722, 19 P.3d 779 (2001). We agree with the
State that we should review the district court's decision to deny the defendant's use of the
demonstrative exhibits for an abuse of discretion. But even if we considered Snyder's
claim that the district court's denial of his request violated his constitutional right to
present a complete defense subject to de novo review, the result would be the same.

In the context of prosecutorial error, our Supreme Court has held that "[a]ny
attempt to lower the burden of proof—or even to define reasonable doubt—is
misconduct." (Emphasis added.) State v. Holt, 300 Kan. 985, 1004, 336 P.3d 312 (2014).
"'Efforts to define reasonable doubt, other than as provided in [the applicable PIK
instruction], usually lead to a hopeless thicket of redundant phrases and legalese, which
tends to obfuscate rather than assist the jury in the discharge of its duty.'" State v. Walker,
276 Kan. 939, 956, 80 P.3d 1132 (2003).
16

In response to Snyder's claim about the demonstrative exhibits, the State points to
a prior case before this court that is factually similar. In State v. Avery, No. 117,379, 2018
WL 1976440, at *2 (Kan. App.) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 308 Kan. 1596
(2018), the district court prevented defense counsel from "draw[ing] a chart on the
chalkboard for the jury showing a graduated scale of various burdens of proof: 'Guilt is
highly unlikely; it's less than unlikely; probably not; possibly not; suspected; perhaps;
probably guilty; strong belief; guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.'" 2018 WL 1976440, at
*1. And like Snyder, Avery argued on appeal "that the district court violated his
constitutional right to present his theory of defense by limiting defense counsel's closing
argument regarding the State's burden of proof." 2018 WL 1976440, at *1. The Avery
court held:

"The jury here was instructed that the State was required to prove Avery's crimes
beyond a reasonable doubt. Avery's theory of defense was that the State had not satisfied
its burden of proof—proof beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . [A]lthough the court restricted
defense counsel from using a chart to show a graduated scale of various burdens of proof,
defense counsel was able to fully develop Avery's defense throughout trial and in its
closing argument.
"Avery was not deprived of a meaningful opportunity to present a complete
defense simply because his attorney was precluded from showing the jury a chart that he
believed represented the graduated scale of various burdens of proof. The district court
never excluded any defense evidence and the limitation it did impose did not hinder
Avery's presentation of evidence in any way. Instead, defense counsel was able to
comprehensively argue that the State failed to meet its burden of proof based on a lack of
evidence. Thus, the district court did not violate Avery's constitutional right to present his
theory of defense.
"Rather than restrict Avery's right to present a defense, the district court
exercised its discretion by limiting defense counsel's closing argument—a decision that
this court reviews only for an abuse of discretion. A judicial action constitutes an abuse
of discretion if (1) no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the district
court; (2) the action is based on an error of law; or (3) the action is based on an error of
fact. [Citations omitted.]" 2018 WL 1976440, at *2.
17

After noting the cases in which our Supreme Court has disapproved trying to
explain the phrase "reasonable doubt," the Avery panel concluded:

"A reasonable person could decide that allowing defense counsel to draw a chart
demonstrating the proposed graduated scale of burdens of proof would confuse the jury.
No claim is made that the court's decision was based on an error of fact or law. Thus the
trial court's ruling was not an abuse of discretion." 2018 WL 1976440, at *2.

Snyder does not address this court's decision in Avery, even in his reply brief. Like
at Avery's trial, the district court instructed the jury at Snyder's trial that the State had the
burden to prove Snyder guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Snyder's theory of defense was
that the State had not done so. During closing argument, defense counsel began by
reiterating the jury's responsibility to hold the State to its burden of proof and counsel
comprehensively argued that the State had not proven Snyder's guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. The district court's decision not to allow the proposed charts explaining reasonable
doubt did not hinder this argument, nor did it restrict Snyder's ability to present evidence.
As in Avery, the district court here did not impair Snyder's right to present a full defense,
and it cannot be said that no reasonable person would agree with the decision not to allow
the charts. We conclude the district court did not err by denying Snyder's request to use
demonstrative exhibits during closing argument.

WAS SNYDER DENIED A FAIR TRIAL BASED ON CUMULATIVE ERROR?

Snyder argues that the prosecutorial errors and the refusal to allow him to use
demonstrative aids during closing argument cumulatively denied him a fair trial. But as
we have concluded, the prosecutor committed no error during closing argument and the
district court did not err by denying Snyder's request to use the demonstrative exhibits.
And "when there is no error, there can be no errors to contribute to cumulative error and
there is no basis for reversal." State v. Barlett, 308 Kan. 78, 91, 418 P.3d 1253 (2018).

18

WAS THERE SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SNYDER'S KIDNAPPING CONVICITON?

Next, Snyder claims there was insufficient evidence to support his kidnapping
conviction. The operative information charged that Snyder "unlawfully and feloniously
[took] or confine[d] a person, to wit: [K.B.] (YOB: 2006), accomplished by force, threat
or deception and with the intent to hold said person to facilitate the commission of any
crime, to wit: aggravated indecent liberties." Snyder argues that there was insufficient
evidence to support the claim that he took or confined K.B. by force. The State disagrees.

"When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
conviction, we 'review[] the evidence in a light most favorable to the State to determine
whether a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.' We will not 'reweigh evidence, resolve conflicts in the evidence, or pass on the
credibility of witnesses.' [Citations omitted.]" State v. Rucker, 309 Kan. 1090, 1093, 441
P.3d 1053 (2019).

To review, the State's kidnapping charge against Snyder was based on the
evidence that Snyder began fondling K.B. in the bedroom but then K.B. got up from the
bed and went into the bathroom about 3 feet away and closed the door. Snyder then
followed K.B. into the bathroom and when she tried to leave, Snyder grabbed her arm
and pulled her back into the bathroom where he continued to touch K.B. inappropriately.
The only evidence about Snyder grabbing K.B.'s arm and pulling her back into the
bathroom was presented by the State through K.B.'s forensic interview with Marks.

Snyder argues that the statements in K.B.'s interview with Marks do not provide
sufficient evidence of a taking or confinement to support a kidnapping conviction. He
bases this argument on our Supreme Court's holding in State v. Buggs, 219 Kan. 203,
216, 547 P.2d 720 (1976). In Buggs, the Kansas Supreme Court held:

19

"[I]f a taking or confinement is alleged to have been done to facilitate the commission of
another crime, to be kidnapping the resulting movement or confinement:
(a) Must not be slight, inconsequential and merely incidental to the other crime;
(b) Must not be of the kind inherent in the nature of the other crime; and
(c) Must have some significance independent of the other crime in that it makes
the other crime substantially easier of commission or substantially lessens the risk of
detection.
"For example: A standstill robbery on the street is not a kidnapping; the forced
removal of the victim to a dark alley for robbery is. The removal of a rape victim from
room to room within a dwelling solely for the convenience and comfort of the rapist is
not a kidnapping; the removal from a public place to a place of seclusion is. The forced
direction of a store clerk to cross the store to open a cash register is not a kidnapping;
locking him in a cooler to facilitate escape is. The list is not meant to be exhaustive, and
may be subject to some qualification when actual cases arise; it nevertheless is illustrative
of our holding." 219 Kan. at 216.

Snyder argues that any taking or confinement in the bathroom with K.B. was
slight, inconsequential, and merely incidental to the crime of aggravated indecent
liberties, so, under Buggs, it would not support a kidnapping. He asserts that grabbing
K.B.'s arm did not lessen the chance that his crime would be discovered because the
bathroom was only 3 feet away from the bedroom in which H.S. slept and they were the
only three people in the house at the time. The State argues that "[k]eeping [K.B.] in the
bathroom helped [Snyder] avoid detection of his illegal activities by other family
members." The State also asserts that "[t]he bathroom door could be closed and locked,"
which would have helped prevent detection if Paternal Grandmother had come home.

The cases that the State cites in support of its argument are materially
distinguishable from what happened here. In Buggs, a kidnapping conviction was
affirmed where the victims "were accosted outside the Dairy Queen, at the fringe of the
parking lot, where they were subject to public view . . . and the robbery could have been
accomplished then and there," but the defendants forced the victims back inside the store,
20

which "substantially reduced the risk of detection not only of the robbery but of the rape."
219 Kan. at 216. In State v. Chears, 231 Kan. 161, 163-64, 643 P.2d 154 (1982), the
defendant moved the victim from the living room to a bedroom to sodomize her,
"ensur[ing] that there would be but one witness," because the defendant's cohorts, the
victim's husband, and the victim's daughter remained in the living room, where they
could neither see what was happening or attempt to interfere.

And in State v. Richmond, 250 Kan. 375, 378, 827 P.3d 743 (1992), the defendant
moved the victim from "near the entrance to the home to a distant bedroom" to "lessen[]
detection of the crime[s]" of burglary and rape, and he tied her up, which aided in
facilitation of the burglary "by incapacitating her while he searched through her house
and . . . remove[d] any items he desired to take." Importantly, in Richmond, the
defendant's remarks to the victim showed that he "was concerned about the fact that the
victim had seen his automobile [parked in front of her home] and also about whether any
other person might be coming to the house." 250 Kan. at 378.

After the parties filed their briefs here, the Kansas Supreme Court decided State v.
Harris, 310 Kan. 1026, 453 P.3d 1172 (2019). In that case, the defendant was convicted
of kidnapping based on forcibly moving the victim from room to room within her
apartment over a two-hour period, all while repeatedly demanding money. The defendant
challenged his conviction, in part, by arguing that these movements did not satisfy the
"taking or confinement" element of kidnapping that requires taking or confining to
facilitate the commission of a crime or to facilitate flight. After setting forth the Buggs
test, our Supreme Court first rejected the defendant's argument that the short distance he
had removed the victim was merely incidental to his crimes. 310 Kan. at 1032, 453 P.3d
at 1177. The court reiterated its prior holdings that there is no distance requirement for
the "taking" element of kidnapping. 310 Kan. at 1032, 453 P.3d at 1177. The court also
rejected the defendant's argument that the taking or confining was merely incidental to
his other crimes, noting that the defendant forced the victim to move from room to room
21

over an extended period of time and that he expressed concern that she would run away.
310 Kan. at 1032, 453 P.3d at 1177-78. In fact, the defendant prevented the victim from
getting dressed, commenting that she was less likely to run out of the house if she
remained naked. 310 Kan. at 1033, 453 P.3d at 1178.

Buggs, Chears, Richmond, and Harris involve takings or confinements that
substantially facilitated the crimes of commission. In each of these cases, the defendant
moved the victim from one room to another over a long time period. On the other hand,
Snyder's act of grabbing K.B.'s arm as she tried to escape the bathroom and dragging her
back inside was "slight, inconsequential, and merely incidental to" his committing
aggravated indecent liberties with a child. See Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216. Likewise, the act
did not substantially lessen the risk of Snyder's detection or substantially facilitate his
commission of the crime. See Buggs, 219 Kan. at 216.

We conclude the State did not present sufficient evidence of "taking or confining"
to support Snyder's conviction of kidnapping. As a result, Snyder's conviction of
kidnapping is reversed and his sentence for kidnapping is vacated.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN INSTRUCTING THE JURY ON KIDNAPPING?

Even though we are reversing Snyder's kidnapping conviction because of
insufficient evidence to support the conviction, we will also address his claim that the
district court erred in instructing the jury on kidnapping. The State charged Snyder with
kidnapping by taking or confining K.B. with the intent to hold her to commit the specific
crime of aggravated indecent liberties with a child. But at trial, the district court
instructed the jury that to establish the charge of kidnapping, the State had to prove that
(1) Snyder "took or confined [K.B.] by force"; (2) he did so "with the intent to hold
[K.B.] to facilitate the commission of any crime"; and (3) he did so "on or between
January 31, 2015 and November 25, 2015 in Saline County, Kansas." (Emphasis added.)
22

Snyder argues that the district court "violated [his] due process rights" by
instructing the jury on a broader definition of kidnapping than was charged in the
information. More specifically, Snyder argues that the district court erred because the
State charged him with taking or confining K.B. with the intent to hold her to commit the
specific crime of aggravated indecent liberties with a child, but the court instructed the
jury that it could find Snyder guilty of kidnapping if he took or confined K.B. with the
intent to hold her to facilitate the commission of any crime. He asserts that had the
district court properly instructed the jury, it would have reached a different verdict on the
kidnapping charge.

When reviewing a jury instruction challenge, "[w]e must first determine whether
the alleged instruction error occurred, which requires us to consider if the instruction was
legally and factually appropriate. In doing this, we exercise unlimited review." State v.
Garcia-Garcia, 309 Kan. 801, 819, 441 P.3d 52 (2019). The State concedes that the jury
instruction was erroneous. The jury instruction failed to limit the elements of kidnapping
to what was charged in the information, and the Kansas Supreme Court has long
instructed that "'[a] jury instruction on the elements of a crime that is broader than the
complaint charging the crime is erroneous.'" State v. Brown, 306 Kan. 1145, 1165, 401
P.3d 611 (2017) (quoting State v. Trautloff, 289 Kan. 793, 802, 217 P.3d 15 [2009]).

Because there was error, this court must conduct a reversibility inquiry and, as the
parties agree, Snyder's failure to object to the district court giving the instruction means
that the clear error standard applies. See Blansett, 309 Kan. at 408; K.S.A. 2018 Supp.
22-3414(3). This court "determines whether it is firmly convinced that the jury would
have reached a different verdict without the error, in which case reversal is required.
Reversibility is subject to unlimited review and is based on the entire record." State v.
Betancourt, 299 Kan. 131, 135, 322 P.3d 353 (2014). As the defendant, Snyder bears the
burden to prove clear error. See 299 Kan. at 135.

23

Snyder points out that right after the district court gave the erroneous instruction,
the court instructed the jury: "Evidence has been admitted tending to prove that the
defendant committed bad acts with [K.B.] other than the crimes charged. Such evidence
may only be considered as evidence of the relationship of the parties and motive." He
argues that this instruction could have led the jury to rely on an uncharged "bad act" as
constituting the "crime" that the kidnapping was intended to facilitate. For example, he
contends that "[t]he jury could have relied on the 'bad act' of grabbing [K.B.] by the arm,
which is arguably a battery," or "the 'bad act' of rubbing her vagina, and thought it was
rape," and then used that finding to support the kidnapping conviction. Because of these
possibilities, Snyder asserts that the jury would have reached a different result had the
jury instruction been properly limited to acts intended to facilitate the commission of
aggravated indecent liberties with a child.

The State disagrees, arguing that because the only crime related to K.B. other than
kidnapping with which the State charged Snyder was aggravated indecent liberties with a
child, the jury would have understood that the phrase "any crime" in the erroneous jury
instruction meant aggravated indecent liberties with a child. A review of the record as a
whole supports the State's argument.

In opening argument, the prosecutor summarized the charges against Snyder
involving K.B. as

"aggravated indecent liberties, the lewd fondling of his person in the bedroom;
aggravated indecent liberties, the lewd fondling of [K.B.] in the bedroom; aggravated
indecent liberties for touching her again in the bathroom; and kidnapping, for taking or
confining her in that bathroom in order so that he could fondle her." (Emphasis added.)

In closing argument, the prosecutor addressed the other "bad acts" instruction:

24

"You've heard evidence of other bad acts with respect to [K.B.] . . . The first time that this
really happened in the bed, they were napping, and he unbuttoned and unzipped her
pants, and he was trying to get, but she made the excuse to go to the bathroom, went to
the bathroom, shut the door and stayed there for ten minutes, until Grandma and Grandpa
come home. This may not be used to support a specific charge that is set forth for you.
You may consider this evidence solely for the purpose of establishing motive and
relationship of the parties." (Emphasis added.)

Later in closing argument, the prosecutor discussed the kidnapping charge, telling
the jury that it referred to the allegation "[t]hat he took or confined her by force, with
[the] intent to hold her to facilitate the commission of a crime, aggravated indecent
liberties." (Emphasis added.) At the end of the State's initial closing argument, the
prosecutor said:

"I ask that you find him guilty of three counts of rape, of [H.S.]; aggravated indecent
liberties in his bed of his daughter, [K.B.]; and an episode of aggravated indecent liberties
in that bathroom, in taking or confining her, trying to keep her in there so he could do
that crime to her, ultimately the kidnapping." (Emphasis added.)

The record contains nothing—other than the erroneous jury instruction—that
suggested to the jury that anything but an intent to commit aggravated indecent liberties
could support the kidnapping charge. Given the State's repeated explanation of the
kidnapping charge as resting on an intent to commit aggravated indecent liberties, along
with the explanation to the jury that it could not use the "other bad acts" to support
kidnapping, we are not firmly convinced that the jury would have found Snyder not
guilty of kidnapping had the proper instruction been given. Thus, the jury instruction
alone, though erroneous, does not require reversal of Snyder's kidnapping conviction.


25

WERE SNYDER'S CONVICTIONS OF AGGRAVATED INDECENT LIBERTIES MULTIPLICITOUS?

Next, Snyder claims his convictions of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B.
were multiplicitous. Multiplicity is "'the charging of a single offense in several counts of
a complaint or information.'" State v. Pribble, 304 Kan. 824, 826, 375 P.3d 966 (2016).
"'The principal danger of multiplicity is that it creates the potential for multiple
punishments for a single offense, which is prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clauses of
the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and § 10 of the Kansas
Constitution Bill of Rights.' [Citation omitted.]" 304 Kan. at 826.

Snyder was originally charged with three counts of aggravated indecent liberties
with K.B. Snyder argued to the district court that the three charges were multiplicitous
because they arose from the same conduct. The State conceded that Snyder had a point
about two of the charges, and the district court ruled that those two charges should merge
into one. After the merger, two charges of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B.
remained: one based on Snyder's alleged behavior in his bedroom, and one based on his
alleged behavior in the bathroom. The district court held that these two charges were not
multiplicitous because they were separate instances of conduct. By making the
multiplicity argument in the district court, Snyder preserved it for appeal.

On appeal, Snyder renews his argument that his two convictions of aggravated
indecent liberties with K.B. were multiplicitous because both charges arose from one
course of conduct. The State disagrees, arguing that there was a sufficient break between
Snyder touching K.B. in his bedroom and Snyder touching K.B. in the bathroom to
justify charging two separate counts. "Questions involving multiplicity are questions of
law subject to unlimited appellate review." State v. Davis, 306 Kan. 400, 419, 394 P.3d
817 (2017). When considering multiplicity issues,

26

"'the overarching inquiry is whether the convictions are for the same offense.
There are two components to this inquiry, both of which must be met for there to be a
double jeopardy violation: (1) Do the convictions arise from the same conduct? and (2)
By statutory definition are there two offenses or only one?' [Citation omitted.]" State v.
King, 297 Kan. 955, 970, 305 P.3d 641 (2013).

If the answer to the first question—whether the convictions arose from the same
conduct—is no, "multiplicity is inapplicable" and the analysis concludes. See State v.
Weber, 297 Kan. 805, 809, 304 P.3d 1262 (2013). If the answer to the first question is
yes, the court moves on to consider whether the unitary conduct was statutorily defined
as one offense. See 297 Kan. at 809.

Unitary Conduct

This court considers multiple factors to determine whether the convictions arose
from the same—or "unitary"—conduct:

"'(1) whether the acts occur at or near the same time; (2) whether the acts occur at the
same location; (3) whether there is a causal relationship between the acts, in particular
whether there was an intervening event; and (4) whether there is a fresh impulse
motivating some of the conduct.' [Citation omitted.]" State v. Holman, 295 Kan. 116,
148, 284 P.3d 251 (2012), overruled on other grounds by State v. Dunn, 304 Kan. 773,
375 P.3d 332 (2016).

It is undisputed that the acts in question occurred at or near the same time. During
her forensic interview, K.B. told Marks that the time from laying down to take a nap to
the end of the encounter in the bathroom was 30 minutes to an hour. Moreover, during
K.B.'s trial testimony, defense counsel asked if Snyder "went in [to the bathroom] with
you" and whether he "followed you in," and K.B. responded "[y]eah" to both questions.
This shows that the acts in the bedroom and the acts in the bathroom were close in time.

27

The State argues that the acts did not occur in the same location because the
second act "occurred in a different room." The State's point is too fine a parsing of the
concept of the same location in multiplicity analysis. One act occurred in Snyder's
bedroom and one act occurred in the bathroom, but both rooms were in the same home.
At trial, a witness testified that the distance from Snyder's bedroom to the bathroom was
2 feet, 11 inches. This court recently held that two acts occurring in short order in the
same home supports a finding that those acts occurred at the same location for purposes
of determining whether the conduct was unitary. See State v. Rodriguez-Manjivar, No.
120,039, 2019 WL 5089751, at *4 (Kan. App. 2019) (unpublished opinion) ("The acts
here most likely can be considered to have occurred in the same place. While each
touching occurred in a different room, those rooms were in the same apartment."). Thus,
the evidence presented here supports a finding that the acts occurred in the same location.

The remaining two factors are harder to resolve. The State argues that there was an
intervening event—"a break between the touchings in the bedroom and in the bathroom."
The State asserts that this "break" is showed by K.B. going to the bathroom and pulling
up her pants and underwear. The State further argues that the "break" between acts
"provided the defendant with an opportunity to reconsider his or her [sic] crime, and the
acts were motivated by a fresh impulse."

But even if Snyder had to open the bathroom door and pull K.B.'s pants and
underwear back down, this is not the sort of "intervening event" that by itself prohibits a
finding of unitary conduct. The State analogizes this case to State v. Sellers, 292 Kan.
346, 253 P.3d 20 (2011), overruled on other grounds by State v. Dunn, 304 Kan. 773,
375 P.3d 332 (2016). In that case, the defendant touched the minor victim's breast while
they were lying with her mother on her mother's bed, then he "left the room to go check
on the family's dog, which was making noise in another room." 292 Kan. at 349. He was
out of the bedroom for 30 to 90 seconds. The defendant came back into the room,
"checked to see if [the victim's] mother was asleep," lay back down on the bed, and
28

touched the victim's "pubic area." 292 Kan. at 349-50. The defendant "got off the bed
again and walked over to [the victim's mother's] side of the bed to see if she was still
asleep." 292 Kan. at 350. "He then walked to [the victim's] side of the bed and started to
push [her] shirt up," and the victim woke her mother. 292 Kan. at 350.

Sellers argued on appeal that his convictions for (1) touching the victim's breast
and (2) touching the victim's pubic area were multiplicitous. The Kansas Supreme Court
held that "the acts occurred at or near the same time and in the same location." 292 Kan.
at 358. So the Supreme Court turned to "whether the break to check on the dog in another
room was sufficient to constitute an intervening event and whether Sellers formulated a
fresh impulse to reoffend in the time between leaving the room and returning to the bed."
292 Kan. at 359. The Sellers court concluded:

"[T]his case is a close call. The sequence of events is subject to the interpretation that
Sellers checked on the dog, and, for that matter, on the continuing slumber of [the
victim's] mother, to ensure that no noise impeded his overall plan to molest [the victim].
But he did leave the room for 30 to 90 seconds, breaking the chain of causality and giving
him an opportunity to reconsider his felonious course of action. The district court judge
ultimately determined that Sellers had to make a second conscious decision to touch [the
victim] and, acknowledging the difficulty of this call, we agree. The conduct underlying
[the two charges] was not unitary." 292 Kan. at 359-60.

The State argues that this case "is closer to Sellers" because K.B. left the
bathroom, pulled up and fastened her pants, and shut the bathroom door before Snyder
entered the bathroom. On the other hand, Snyder argues that the behavior in the bedroom
and the bathroom "was one continuous act," that "occurred within mere minutes, in a
small space, with the same two people, with touching as the acts."

Snyder's characterization of the events is more persuasive. Highly summarized, the
evidence at trial showed that Snyder and K.B. were in his bedroom, lying on his bed,
29

when Snyder made K.B. touch his penis and he touched her vagina. K.B. said that she
needed to go to the bathroom, so she got up off the bed, pulled up her underwear and
pants, and walked out of the bedroom to the bathroom, which was across the hallway,
less than 3 feet away. Before she could lock the door, Snyder entered the bathroom,
pulled K.B.'s pants and underwear back down, and touched her vagina. There was no
evidence that Snyder remained in the bedroom for any appreciable amount of time before
following K.B. to the bathroom, nor is there any indication that he followed her to the
bathroom because of a fresh impulse to molest her. Rather, the evidence suggests that he
was continuing with his original impulse to molest K.B., which was only momentarily
interrupted by K.B.'s leaving to go to the bathroom.

This is also a material distinction between this case and Sellers—the acts
recognized by the Sellers court as breaking the chain of causality were acts by the
defendant: he stopped molesting his victim so that he could leave the room to check on a
dog and so he could walk around the bed to see if the other person in the room was
asleep. Here, the original molestation halted because K.B. said she needed to go to the
bathroom. Unlike in Sellers, there is no indication that the original impulse to molest
K.B. ceased or that the molestation stopped because of the defendant's actions.

Snyder molested K.B. in the bathroom within a few minutes of molesting her in
the bedroom and the two locations were in the same home, not far apart. Although K.B.'s
journey to the bathroom and her pulling up her underwear and pants arguably could be
characterized as an intervening event, there was no evidence that Snyder's molestation of
K.B. in the bathroom was motivated by a fresh impulse. Under the evidence presented at
trial, this was a unitary course of conduct. Thus, we must move to the second step of the
multiplicity analysis, which involves determining the unit of prosecution under the statute
that criminalizes aggravated indecent liberties with a child.

30

Unit of Prosecution

As for the second step, our Supreme Court has instructed:

"'If the double jeopardy issue arises because of convictions on multiple counts for
violations of a single statute, the test is: How has the legislature defined the scope of
conduct which will comprise one violation of the statute? Under this test, the statutory
definition of the crime determines what the legislature intended as the allowable unit of
prosecution. There can be only one conviction for each allowable unit of prosecution.'"
Holman, 295 Kan. at 148-49.

In State v. Sprung, 294 Kan. 300, 311, 277 P.3d 1100 (2012), the court held that
the plain language of the statute on aggravated indecent liberties with a child—which
remains unchanged today and under which the State charged Snyder—creates a single
unit of prosecution when an offender fondles or touches a child and the child fondles or
touches the offender. Compare 294 Kan. at 308 with K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5506(b)(3).
Thus, Snyder forcing K.B. to touch his penis and Snyder touching K.B.'s vagina comprise
only one violation of the statute. Because those acts occurred during a unitary course of
conduct, Snyder's two convictions of aggravated indecent liberties with K.B. were
multiplicitous. As a result, we reverse one of Snyder's convictions of aggravated indecent
liberties with K.B. and vacate the sentence for that conviction. See State v. Hood, 297
Kan. 388, 396, 300 P.3d 1083 (2013) (finding theft convictions multiplicitous, reversing
one conviction, and remanding for the district court to vacate the sentence).

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR BY ORDERING CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES?

Next, Snyder claims the district court erred by ordering consecutive sentences.
After announcing the sentences imposed for each of Snyder's convictions, the district
court ordered Snyder to serve the kidnapping sentence, one of the hard 25 rape sentences,
and one of the hard 25 aggravated indecent liberties with a child sentences consecutively,
31

with the remaining sentences running concurrently. To explain its decision to run some of
the sentences consecutively, the district court stated:

"Noting, for the record, that the defendant was in a father fiduciary relationship as
indicated by the State, as it relates to [H.S.], and was in the position of father to [K.B.].
The existence of that relationship does play a part, as does the particulars of the
molestation, the duration, and the age of these particular children."

We have reversed Snyder's kidnapping conviction because of insufficient evidence
and vacated his 59-month sentence for that crime, so whether the district court erred by
ordering the kidnapping sentence to be consecutive is now moot. But Snyder still has a
hard 25 sentence for one of his rape convictions and a consecutive hard 25 sentence for
his one remaining conviction of aggravated indecent liberties with a child.

Snyder argues that the district court erred by ordering two of his hard 25 sentences
to run consecutively because (1) Snyder argues sufficient factors to warrant concurrent
circumstances, such as his "intellectual functioning issues" and his low criminal history
score; (2) the district court's stated reasons for ordering consecutive sentences were the
same factors the State argued when asking for consecutive sentences; (3) neither Mother,
K.B., or H.S. asked for Snyder to serve 50 years before the possibility of parole; and (4)
his sentence, practically speaking, is a life sentence without parole.

"A sentencing judge has discretion to impose concurrent or consecutive
sentences in multiple conviction cases under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6819(b) (absent
certain circumstances, the sentencing judge shall 'have discretion to impose concurrent or
consecutive sentences in multiple conviction cases'). This statute does not list specific
factors for consideration. Rather, it states the judge 'may consider the need to impose an
overall sentence that is proportionate to the harm and culpability' associated with the
crimes. [Citations omitted.]" State v. Darrah, 309 Kan. 1222, 1227, 442 P.3d 1049
(2019).

32

A district court abuses its discretion when its action is: (1) arbitrary, fanciful, or
unreasonable; (2) based on an error of law; or (3) based on an error of fact. 309 Kan. at
1227. As the party asserting that the district court abused its discretion, Snyder "bears the
burden of establishing such abuse." See 309 Kan. at 1227.

Snyder does not allege an error of fact or law undermines the district court's
sentencing decision. Put simply, Snyder asks this court to reweigh the information before
the district court and make the independent decision that consecutive sentences were not
warranted. But that is not this court's role. Rather, to conclude the district court abused its
discretion by unreasonably ordering the sentences to run consecutive instead of
concurrent, this court "would have to conclude that no reasonable person would have
taken the [district] court's view." See 309 Kan. at 1227.

But as the district court noted, K.B. and H.S. were Snyder's children. At the time
of the crimes against them, both victims were under 10 years old. In a victim impact
statement at the sentencing hearing, Mother spoke at length about the lasting effects of
Snyder's crimes on K.B. and H.S., including ongoing emotional issues for both children.
Mother specifically asked that Snyder "never be allowed around children again." The fact
that the two hard 25 sentences involve separate victims is justification to run the
sentences consecutively. A reasonable person could have concluded that consecutive
sentences as ordered by the district court were proportionate to the harm and culpability
associated with Snyder's crimes.

Snyder's argument that the district court abused its discretion in imposing a
sentence that leaves him ineligible for parole until he is 88 years old—is effectively
speaking, a sentence of life without parole. But the fact that Snyder will be 88 years old
before being eligible for parole does not mean that the district court acted arbitrarily,
fancifully, or unreasonably in imposing the sentence. Rather, the record reflects that the
district court considered the evidence before it and imposed a sentence with which other
33

reasonable people could agree. We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion
by ordering two of Snyder's hard 25 sentences to run consecutive to each other.

We close this issue by noting that we have reversed Snyder's conviction of
kidnapping and one of his convictions of aggravated indecent liberties with a child.
Snyder now stands convicted of four felony offenses instead of six. To the extent that
setting aside two of Snyder's convictions may impact the district court's discretion to run
any of the sentences consecutively, we remand the case to district court for resentencing.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR BY ORDERING LIFETIME POSTRELEASE SUPERVISION?

In his final issue, Snyder claims the lifetime postrelease supervision component of
his life sentences is illegal. The State agrees that this portion of Snyder's sentence is
illegal and should be vacated. See State v. Page, 303 Kan. 548, 549, 363 P.3d 391 (2015)
(vacating lifetime postrelease supervision component of off-grid sentence because
"sentencing court has no authority to order lifetime postrelease supervision in conjunction
with off-grid indeterminate life sentence"). Thus, we vacate the portion of Snyder's life
sentences that imposed lifetime postrelease supervision.

Finally, although the issue has not been raised by either party, we note that the
journal entry of judgment reflects that Snyder was convicted of three counts of raping
H.S. even though the verdict forms reflect that the jury found Snyder guilty of two counts
of raping H.S. and a lesser included offense of attempted rape. On remand, we order the
district court to correct the journal entry of judgment so that it reflects that Snyder's
conviction in Count 3 is of attempted rape. This correction will not affect Snyder's
sentence. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-6627(a)(1)(B) requires the hard 25 sentence for a
conviction of rape when the victim is under 14 years of age and K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-
6627(a)(1)(H) requires the hard 25 sentence for convictions of "an attempt . . . of an
offense defined in subsection (a)(1)(A) through (a)(1)(G)."
34

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for resentencing.