State v. Snellings

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

Nos. 119,420
119,421

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

KEVIN MICHAEL SNELLINGS,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; WESLEY K. GRIFFIN, judge. Opinion filed September 13,
2019. Reversed and remanded with directions.

Christina M. Kerls, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Nicholas Campbell, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., BRUNS and WARNER, JJ.

PER CURIAM: After Kevin Snellings violated the terms of his probation on
multiple occasions in 2017 and 2018, the district court concluded that Snellings was not
"amenable to probation," revoked Snellings' probation, and ordered him to serve the
underlying sentence for his convictions. At the time of Snellings' probation violations and
dispositional hearing, Kansas law required that probation violations carry a presumptive
intermediate sanction of 120 to 180 days in prison, followed by reinstitution of probation.
See K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(C) and (D). Under the circumstances in this case, a
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district court was only permitted to depart from such an intermediate sanction if the court
stated "with particularity the reasons for finding that the safety of members of the public
will be jeopardized or that the welfare of the offender will not be served" by a 120- or
180-day prison term. K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A).

On appeal, Snellings argues that the district court in this case failed to make the
particularized findings required by K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A). We agree. The
district court's analysis concerned Snellings' amenability to probation, not whether his
welfare would be served by imposing the intermediate sanction. We therefore reverse the
district court's order requiring Snellings to serve his underlying prison sentence and
remand for a new dispositional hearing to assess the fitness of an intermediate sanction in
compliance with the statute.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

In 2015 and 2016, Snellings pleaded guilty to possessing methamphetamine, a
severity level 5 drug felony, and burglary, a severity level 9 felony. Snellings' two cases
were consolidated for purposes of sentencing in June 2016. Consistent with the terms of
the plea agreements, the district court ordered Snellings to 18 months of probation, with
respective underlying prison terms for his two convictions of 32 months and 13 months—
the aggravated durations in the applicable boxes under the sentencing guidelines—to run
consecutively.

In the first six months of 2017, the State filed two motions seeking revocation of
Snellings' probation:

 In January 2017, the State alleged Snellings had violated the terms of his probation
by being unsuccessfully discharged from drug treatment after failing a drug test;
not reporting to his probation officer; not reporting for mandatory drug testing;
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failing to pay outstanding court costs; and failing to complete court-ordered
community service hours. At a February 2017 hearing, Snellings stipulated to the
violations and was sentenced to an eight-day "quick dip" under K.S.A. 2017 Supp.
22-3716(c)(1)(B). Probation was extended 12 months from the date of violation.

 In May 2017, the State alleged Snellings had violated the terms of his probation by
absconding from probation supervision; not reporting to his probation officer; not
complying with drug treatment requirements; failing to pay outstanding court
costs; and failing to provide community corrections with a contact number or
address. At a June 2017 hearing, Snellings stipulated to these violations and was
sanctioned to a 30-day jail term under K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(11).
Probation was again extended 12 months from the date of the hearing.

In September 2017, the State filed the motion for probation revocation that is the
subject of this appeal. In its third revocation motion, the State again alleged that Snellings
had been unsuccessfully discharged from drug treatment after failing to attend his
appointments. The State also asserted that Snellings had failed to report to his probation
officer; had not reported for mandatory drug testing; had not paid outstanding court costs;
and had failed to complete court-ordered community service.

At the hearing on the State's motion in March 2018, Snellings provided an
explanation of his actions but admitted the alleged violations. He argued that the
appropriate remedy in this case was an intermediate prison sanction of up to 180 days
under K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1) instead of total revocation, with the
understanding that he would return to supervised probation upon completion of that
intermediate sanction. The State, however, asked the court to revoke Snellings' probation
outright instead of a "tier two" sanction of 120 or 180 days in prison:

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"[PROSECUTOR]: . . . Based upon these litany [sic] of violations, the fact that
this is the third time we're here, we'd ask the court to make the findings that the defendant
is not amenable to probation and would ask for revocation to his original sentence.
"THE COURT: So you're saying that's the jump from a tier one and other—I
think he did a 30-day shock time—excuse me—but because of that, you think a tier two
is not necessary?
"[PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, based upon again the history of this case, we
just don't believe that probation is amenable. He has continued to refuse to engage in
treatment. And under the statute as allowed, if the court makes the specific findings he's
not amenable to probation, then [it] can revoke. And again, these violations are
happening over and over again. This is the third time we're here. We don't believe giving
a tier two is going to make him automatically start doing probation so we'd ask for
revocation."

The district court granted the State's motion and ordered Snellings to serve his
underlying prison sentence in both cases for a controlling prison term of 45 months. The
court explained its reasoning, focusing on Snellings' repeated failure to comply with the
terms of his probation and, in particular, his failure to complete drug treatment:

"I have a hard time coming up with any plausible excuse or—no, that's not the right
word—justification for continuing this matter. And by this—by continuing, I mean 150,
180 days, gets out, comes back, doesn't do what he's supposed to.
"This case has a complete history of noncompliance. Since sentencing, we have
had four—excuse me—three bench warrants, two revocations, one I did a 30-day shock
time over the objection of the State. That didn't work. . . . I have to concur completely
with the argument of the State that Mr. Snellings has shown that he is not amenable to
probation. Every opportunity has been given he has not followed through with. I have
stressed the importance of certain requirements, drug treatment, et cetera. That has not
been followed. There's at least twice he's left—well, maybe only once—left treatment. I
say twice because I wrote on the two docket sheets. So I don't know what other things I
could say or do. I've been trying since June of 2016 when I talked to him about how
important drug treatment was and yet nothing has occurred.
"I concur with the arguments of the State, order that probation in both cases be
revoked and he serve his underlying sentence."
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In the journal entries from the hearing, the court invoked the "bypass" provision in
K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A), summarily stating Snellings' welfare would not be
served by imposing further intermediate sanctions. This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

The district court did not state with particularity why Snellings' welfare would not be
served by the intermediate sanction as required by K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A).

Snellings admitted to violating various terms of his probation each time the State
brought the matter before the trial court, including those enumerated in the motion that
led to the instant appeal. Thus, the sole issue in this appeal concerns the district court's
analysis of the consequences of those violations—specifically, whether the district court
complied with K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9) when it revoked Snellings' probation
and ordered him to serve his underlying prison sentence instead of the presumptive
intermediate sanction under K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(C) or (D).

In cases where the appellant admits to a probation violation, the decision whether
to revoke probation "rests within the sound discretion of the district court." State v.
McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d 45, 47, 362 P.3d 603 (2015). The degree of discretion a
district court may exercise, however, varies based on the contours of the question before
it. For example, a district court does not have discretion to commit an error of law or
disregard statutory limitations or legal standards. See State v. Marshall, 303 Kan. 438,
445, 362 P.3d 587 (2015); State v. Ardry, 295 Kan. 733, 736, 286 P.3d 207 (2012). Thus,
whether the court's revocation of probation is consistent with K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9) is a question of law over which an appellate court exercises unlimited review.
McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 47-48. And our review is similarly unlimited "to the
extent that resolution of this issue requires statutory interpretation." 52 Kan. App. 2d at
48.

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Historically, Kansas district courts exercised broad discretion in determining the
appropriate action when faced with a probation violation. State v. Clapp, 308 Kan. 976,
990, 425 P.3d 605 (2018). In 2013, however, the Kansas Legislature amended the statute
governing probation revocations to limit the court's previous latitude. 308 Kan. at 982-84.

The framework in place at the time of this case is found in K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(1)(B) through (E). These statutory sections were discussed by our Supreme
Court at length in Clapp, 308 Kan. at 982-85, and establish a series of graduated
sanctions—ranging from modifying probation conditions to intermediate sanctions of 120
to 180 days in prison to the underlying prison sentence—that a district court must
consider before revoking probation outright.

The probation revocation statute also provides various avenues for a court to
depart from this graduated framework. See K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(E), (c)(8),
and (c)(9). The district court in this case relied K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9):

"The court may revoke the probation, assignment to a community
correctional services program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction of an
offender pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(E) without having previously imposed a
sanction pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(B), (c)(1)(C) or (c)(1)(D) if:
(A) The court finds and sets forth with particularity the reasons for finding
that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the welfare of
the offender will not be served by such sanction; or
(B) the probation, assignment to a community correctional services
program, suspension of sentence or nonprison sanction was originally granted as
the result of a dispositional departure granted by the sentencing court pursuant to
K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-6815, and amendments thereto."

K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(B) does not apply here, as Snellings' underlying
sentence was not the result of a dispositional departure. Thus, the only avenue for the
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district court to circumvent the graduated sanctions in K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(1)(C) or (D) was to "find[] and set[] forth with particularity the reasons for
finding that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the welfare of
the offender will not be served by such sanction." (Emphases added.) K.S.A. 2017 Supp.
22-3716(c)(9)(A).

Under the plain language of K.S.A. 22-3716(c)(9)(A), a district court's
particularized findings must explicitly state why the public's safety would be jeopardized
or how the offender's welfare would not be served by the intermediate sanction—not by
probation generally. See State v. Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d 1268, 1274-76, 445 P.3d 761
(2019); McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d at 49. Findings are sufficiently particularized when
they are "'distinct rather than general, with exactitude of detail, especially in description
or stated with attention to or concern with details.'" State v. Dooley, 308 Kan. 641, 652,
423 P.3d 469 (2018) (quoting State v. Miller, 32 Kan. App. 1099, 1102, 95 P.3d 127
[2004]).

Although the district court's journal entries in each of Snellings' cases state that
Snellings' welfare would not be served by imposing further intermediate sanctions, they
provide no explanation for that conclusion. We cannot look for implicit findings in the
district court's general conclusions; the particularity requirement of K.S.A. 2017 Supp.
22-3716(c)(9)(A) "is not met when an appellate court must imply the district court's
reasons for finding that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the
welfare of the offender will not be served by the bypassed intermediate sanction." Clapp,
308 Kan. 976, Syl. ¶ 4. Likewise, the district court's statements during the hearing
focused on whether Snellings was "amenable to probation," not whether his welfare
would be served (e.g., his conduct would be improved) by an intermediate sanction of
120 or 180 days in prison. In short, the district court's analysis in this case does not
satisfy the particularity requirement of K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A).

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We understand the district court's frustration with Snellings' repeated failure to
complete the drug treatment that was required as part of his probation, especially after the
court's repeated colloquies at sentencing and at each subsequent hearing on Snellings'
probation violations regarding the critical importance of the drug-treatment requirement.
But merely reciting the defendant's history of probational noncompliance—as the district
court did here—does not comply with K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A). See Clapp,
308 Kan. at 988-90; Duran, 56 Kan. App. 2d at 1274-77. Instead, the district court was
required to analyze the impact of the presumptive intermediate sanction, not probation
generally, on public safety or Snellings' welfare. It did not do so.

The district court's discretion in considering the State's probation revocation in this
case was controlled by the language of K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716; failing to make
particularized findings as to the effect of the applicable intermediate sanction constitutes
an abuse of that discretion requiring reversal. Clapp, 308 Kan. at 991; Duran, 56 Kan.
App. 2d at 1276-77. We therefore reverse the district court's revocation of Snellings'
probation and remand for a new dispositional hearing in compliance with K.S.A. 2017
Supp. 22-3716(c). Because Snellings admitted to the underlying probation violations and
the parties agree that Snellings has not previously been subject to a 120- or 180-day
sanction, the sole question on remand will be whether the court should impose the
presumptive intermediate sanction or whether the court will "find[] and set[] forth with
particularity the reasons for finding that the safety of members of the public will be
jeopardized or that the welfare of the offender will not be served by such sanction."
(Emphases added.) K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)(A).

Reversed and remanded with directions.