State v. Rodriguez-Manjivar

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 120,039

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

HECTOR ANTONIO RODRIGUEZ-MANJIVAR,
Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION


Appeal from Meade District Court; SIDNEY R. THOMAS, judge. Opinion filed October 11, 2019.
Affirmed.

Derek W. Miller, of Miller & French, LLC, of Liberal, for appellant.

Steven J. Obermeier, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for
appellee.

Before SCHROEDER, P.J., PIERRON and STANDRIDGE, JJ.

PER CURIAM: Hector Antonio Rodriguez-Manjivar appeals his conviction of one
count of aggravated indecent liberties with a child. He argues the State did not present
sufficient evidence to support his conviction; the district court erred by failing to give a
multiple acts instruction; and the court erred by admitting evidence of prior sexual
misconduct. We disagree and affirm.

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FACTS

In April 2017, H.Z. was 13 years old and living in an apartment with her sister,
M.S., and her brother-in-law, B.C., who were friends with Rodriguez-Manjivar. H.Z.
knew Rodriguez-Manjivar and his family, including his wife, kids, and his mother-in-
law, A.A. H.Z. had gone to Rodriguez-Manjivar's house to eat dinner and spend time
with his family.

On April 1, 2017, A.A. was moving into an apartment above H.Z.'s apartment.
H.Z. saw A.A. moving boxes and asked M.S. if she could help A.A. move. M.S. agreed.
When H.Z. got up to A.A.'s apartment, A.A. and Rodriguez-Manjivar were there. H.Z.
asked if she could help them, and A.A. agreed.

Rodriguez-Manjivar asked H.Z. to help him put a bedframe together in the
bedroom. A.A. left the apartment to get something from the car. As H.Z. and Rodriguez-
Manjivar were assembling the bedframe, he stood behind her. He began rubbing his
hands on her body, grabbing her butt, and "squishing" her breasts. H.Z. told him to stop
but he did not. She struggled to get away from Rodriguez-Manjivar, and he eventually let
go.

H.Z. left the bedroom, but Rodriguez-Manjivar followed her, "staring at [her] in a
nasty way." As she walked into the kitchen, Rodriguez-Manjivar began moaning and
making "sexual noises." He asked H.Z. if she shaved her vagina. He grabbed her again,
rubbing her body with his hands and touching her breasts. He slid his hands into her pants
and tried to digitally penetrate her. H.Z. pushed him away. She then went into the
bedroom and locked the door.

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Within five minutes, H.Z. heard Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife come into the kitchen.
H.Z. left the bedroom and told Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife what had just happened, but
his wife did not believe her. Rodriguez-Manjivar then told H.Z. to go get him some
water. H.Z. ran downstairs to her apartment.

H.Z. was crying and told M.S. she had been left alone in the apartment with
Rodriguez-Manjivar. He had touched her and asked her if she shaved "on that part." M.S.
saw marks on H.Z.'s arms and chest.

Rodriguez-Manjivar came downstairs after H.Z. He knocked on the door, but H.Z.
told M.S. not to let him in because she was scared. About 10 minutes later, Rodriguez-
Manjivar's wife came downstairs. She asked M.S. to open the door, explaining that
Rodriguez-Manjivar "didn't do it on purpose." When M.S. did not answer the door,
Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife sent her a text message saying: "Hector didn't do it on
purpose. It was an accident. He just wanted to say sorry." Rodriguez-Manjivar also called
B.C. to tell him he had accidentally touched H.Z. during the move.

H.Z. and her family discussed what to do. They decided to tell their priest what
happened. The next day, they went to see their priest, and they all decided to call law
enforcement. Sheriff's Deputy Jason Miller responded to the call. H.Z. told Miller that
Rodriguez-Manjivar had touched her breasts, buttocks, and vaginal area while they were
putting a bed together in A.A.'s apartment. She said Rodriguez-Manjivar "put his hands
[on her forearms] from behind her, and then squeezed in on her sides with his arms."

Miller noticed H.Z. had a few light bruises on her forearms, and he believed those
bruises were consistent with her version of events. He asked if she had any other bruises
or injuries. She said "she was pretty sure she had some bruising on the sides of her body
and under her breast area." Miller then contacted a female officer to take pictures of
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H.Z.'s injuries. Those pictures showed H.Z. had bruises on her arms and back and around
her breasts and waist. She also had scratches around her waist.

Miller later spoke with Rodriguez-Manjivar. He said he and H.Z. were alone in the
bedroom putting the bed together. H.Z. was helping him hold the headboard up so he
could put screws in. She was distracted by a pair of handcuffs on the headboard, and the
headboard started to fall. Rodriguez-Manjivar accidentally brushed her waist area as he
moved to catch the headboard. H.Z. said something like, "[D]on't touch me, stop."
Rodriguez-Manjivar then went to the kitchen, and his wife arrived. H.Z. told his wife that
Rodriguez-Manjivar had touched her inappropriately.

A few days after the incident, H.Z. submitted to a forensic interview. She said she
had been helping A.A. move and Rodriguez-Manjivar had grabbed her. He squeezed her
vagina and her breast. He followed her from the bedroom to the kitchen before she
eventually locked herself in the bedroom.

The State charged Rodriguez-Manjivar with one count of aggravated indecent
liberties with a child. Because Rodriguez-Manjivar was more than 18 years old and H.Z.
was less than 14 years old at the time of the crime, the State charged the offense as an
off-grid felony.

At trial, H.Z., M.S., Miller and several other witnesses testified for the State while
Rodriguez-Manjivar called his wife and A.A. to testify in his defense. A.A. testified she
had propped open the bedroom door and she saw H.Z. and Rodriguez-Manjivar putting
the bed together. H.Z. was playing with the handcuffs on the headboard and caused it to
fall down. Rodriguez-Manjivar had to keep the headboard from falling on her. A.A. then
left the apartment for seven or eight minutes to get a part for the bed that she had
forgotten. When she returned, Rodriguez-Manjivar and his wife were in the apartment,
but H.Z. had left. A.A. added that the doors in her apartment did not have locks.
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Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife testified that when she arrived, the apartment's front
door was open. She saw H.Z. in one of the bedrooms playing with some things on a
dresser. H.Z. did not appear to be upset. H.Z. told Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife that
Rodriguez-Manjivar had touched her inappropriately. After H.Z. left the apartment,
Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife asked him about it and told him he should apologize if he did
it. They went down to H.Z.'s apartment, but no one answered the door.

The jury convicted Rodriguez-Manjivar of aggravated indecent liberties with a
child. The district court granted his request for a durational departure and sentenced him
to 155 months' imprisonment. Rodriguez-Manjivar appeals.

Sufficiency of the Evidence

On appeal, Rodriguez-Manjivar argues the State did not present sufficient
evidence to support his conviction for aggravated indecent liberties with a child. He
claims the State's case rested mainly on the testimony of H.Z., a young child. He also
asserts the State did not prove he lewdly touched H.Z. or that he touched H.Z. with the
intent to arouse or satisfy sexual desires.

When a criminal defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a
conviction, the standard of review is whether, after reviewing all the evidence in a light
most favorable to the State, this court is convinced a rational fact-finder could have found
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In performing this review, this court
does not reweigh evidence, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or make witness credibility
determinations. State v. Chandler, 307 Kan. 657, 668, 414 P.3d 713 (2018). It is only in
rare cases where the testimony is so incredible that no reasonable fact-finder could find
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt that a guilty verdict will be reversed. State v. Matlock,
233 Kan. 1, 5-6, 660 P.2d 945 (1983).
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The State charged Rodriguez-Manjivar with aggravated indecent liberties with a
child under K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-5506(b)(3). As laid out in the jury instructions, the
State had to prove (1) Rodriguez-Manjivar lewdly fondled or touched H.Z.; (2) he did so
with the intent to satisfy his sexual desires, H.Z.'s sexual desires, or both; and (3) H.Z.
was less than 14 years old. See K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-5506(b)(3)(A). "In considering if a
touch is lewd, a factfinder . . . should consider whether the touch 'tends to undermine the
morals of a child [and] is so clearly offensive as to outrage the moral senses of a
reasonable person.'" State v. Reed, 300 Kan. 494, 500-01, 332 P.3d 172 (2014).

Rodriguez-Manjivar argues his conviction is unsupported by the evidence because
the State's case relied mainly on the testimony of a minor. This appears to be an attack on
H.Z.'s credibility. Witness credibility is a question for the jury, not this court.
Additionally, two officers observed physical injuries on H.Z. consistent with her version
of events. Several witnesses testified Rodriguez-Manjivar was left alone in the apartment
with H.Z. Rodriguez-Manjivar admitted to several people that he had touched H.Z.
inappropriately, although he claimed it was an accident. Thus, this argument fails.

Rodriguez-Manjivar next asserts the State presented insufficient evidence to prove
he lewdly touched or fondled H.Z. or that he did so with the intent to arouse or satisfy
sexual desires. He does not provide any argument on this point beyond a few conclusory
sentences, so he has abandoned this argument. See State v. Arnett, 307 Kan. 648, 650,
413 P.3d 787 (2018). Nevertheless, the State presented sufficient evidence of both these
elements.

According to H.Z., Rodriguez-Manjivar grabbed her breasts and buttocks. He also
slid his hands down her pants and tried to digitally penetrate her. Looking at this evidence
in a light most favorable to the State, a rational fact-finder could conclude Rodriguez-
Manjivar touched H.Z. in way that "'undermine[d] the morals of a child [and] is so clearly
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offensive as to outrage the moral sense of a reasonable person.'" Reed, 300 Kan. at 500-
01.

Similarly, the evidence supports a finding that Rodriguez-Manjivar touched H.Z.
with the intent to satisfy or arouse his sexual desires, her sexual desires, or both. The
State may prove sexual intent through circumstantial evidence. 300 Kan. at 502. In
addition to touching H.Z. on her breasts, buttocks, and genitals, Rodriguez-Manjivar also
made sexual moaning sounds and asked H.Z. if she shaved her pubic hair. From this
evidence, a rational fact-finder could conclude Rodriguez-Manjivar touched H.Z. with
the requisite intent.

Unanimity Jury Instruction

Next, Rodriguez-Manjivar argues the district court erred in failing to give a
unanimity instruction. He claims the jury heard evidence of three separate acts that could
have supported his conviction: the two touchings that occurred on April 1, 2017, and a
touching that occurred sometime before April 1. The State responds it relied only on the
April 1 incident in prosecuting the case, and the touchings on that day constituted a single
act.

A criminal defendant is entitled to a unanimous jury verdict under Kansas law.
K.S.A. 22-3421; State v. Santos-Vega, 299 Kan. 11, 18, 321 P.3d 1 (2014). When a case
involves multiple acts, any one of which could constitute the crime charged, the jury must
be unanimous in finding which specific act constitutes the crime. State v. King, 297 Kan.
955, 977-78, 305 P.3d 641 (2013). To ensure unanimity in these cases, the State must
elect which act it is relying upon for the charge or the district court must instruct the jury
that it must unanimously agree on the specific act constituting the crime charged. King,
297 Kan. at 978.

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In State v. De La Torre, 300 Kan. 591, 596, 331 P.3d 815 (2014), the Kansas
Supreme Court has identified a three-part procedure for reviewing unanimity instruction
errors. First, the reviewing court determines whether the case involves multiple acts. If
so, the court then determines whether error was committed. An error is committed when
the State fails to inform the jury which act to rely on or the district court fails to give a
unanimity instruction. Finally, the court determines whether the error was harmless using
the appropriate standard.

In the first step, we must decide whether this is a multiple acts case, which is a
question of law subject to unlimited review. King, 297 Kan. at 981. This analysis requires
us to decide whether the defendant's conduct constitutes one course of conduct or
represents multiple acts that are separate and distinct from each other. No single test
exists to make this determination. Instead, courts must look to the facts and the State's
theory of the crime to decide whether a jury verdict implicates unanimity issues. State v.
A.A., 290 Kan. 540, Syl. ¶¶ 1-2, 232 P.3d 861 (2010). Kansas courts have used these
factors to determine if multiple acts exist: (1) whether the acts occurred in the same
place; (2) whether the acts occurred at or near the same time; (3) whether there was a
causal relationship between the acts, in particular whether there was an intervening event;
and (4) whether there was a fresh impulse motivating some of the conduct. State v.
Schoonover, 281 Kan. 453, 507, 133 P.3d 48 (2006).

Rodriguez-Manjivar alleges the jury heard evidence of three separate acts. He
claims his conduct on April 1, 2017, constitutes two acts. He also points to evidence that
he had touched H.Z. before the April 1 incident. Specifically, during cross-examination,
defense counsel asked H.Z., "Had [Rodriguez-Manjivar] ever touched you anywhere on
you before April 1st?" and H.Z. responded affirmatively. He then asked, "Where had
[Rodriguez-Manjivar] touched you?" and she responded, "My legs when we were eating
dinner. Like, he would, like, play with my leg, like, my feet and stuff."

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The State did not present evidence of possible criminal conduct occurring before
April 1, 2017. And the State did not argue this conduct was criminal. The State also made
clear in opening statement and closing argument that it was relying on the April 1
incident. The real issue here is whether Rodriguez-Manjivar's conduct on April 1, 2017,
constitutes one or two acts.

The problem in completing the first step of this analysis is some of the relevant
facts are unclear. The acts here most likely can be considered to have occurred in the
same place. While each touching occurred in a different room, those rooms were in the
same apartment. See State v. Ultreras, 296 Kan. 828, 856, 295 P.3d 1020 (2013) (holding
aggravated battery which began inside a bar and ended outside the bar occurred in the
same location). But see State v. Long, 26 Kan. App. 2d 644, 650, 993 P.2d 1237 (1999)
(holding defendant's multiple convictions for sodomy and rape were not multiplicitous
because the acts occurred over a one- to two-hour time span in different locations in
victim's apartment).

As for whether the acts occurred at the same time, the evidence at trial was
conflicting. H.Z. did not testify about the amount of time between the touching in the
bedroom and the touching in the kitchen, though she did testify that the whole incident
took 30 to 40 minutes. M.S. testified H.Z. was in A.A.'s apartment for about 30 minutes.
A.A. testified that she was away from the apartment for only seven to eight minutes.
Rodriguez-Manjivar's wife also estimated A.A. would only have been gone from the
apartment for seven to eight minutes. Thus, both the time span of the whole incident and
the time period between each touching is unclear.

Likewise, the record is unclear about whether there was an intervening event.
According to H.Z.'s testimony at trial, Rodriguez-Manjivar followed her from the
bedroom to the kitchen. But the forensic interviewer testified H.Z. said she had helped
Rodriguez-Manjivar assemble a second bed after he touched her in the bedroom.
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The State relies on State v. Kesselring, 279 Kan. 671, 112 P.3d 175 (2005), and
State v. Hilson, 28 Kan. App. 2d 740, 20 P.3d 94 (2001), to support its argument that
Rodriguez-Manjivar's acts are one course of conduct. In Kesselring, the Kansas Supreme
Court found no jury unanimity issue existed regarding the defendant's kidnapping
conviction:

"In this case, although the events transpired over a longer period of time, there
were no breaks in the sequence of events sufficient to establish separate criminal acts.
The crime of kidnapping, as compared to the crime of battery . . . may occur over a
longer period of time. Yet a kidnapping over several hours or days could not be broken
into several crimes. Under the facts of this case, the length of time involved does not
prevent a finding of a continuous incident. Furthermore, the moving of a kidnapping
victim from one location to a car and from the car to another location does not constitute
separate acts. Similarly, the fact that [the victim] was momentarily free when he
attempted to escape was not a sufficient interruption to say that a new criminal impulse or
new act of kidnapping had occurred. The evidence was that the interruption was not
appreciable." 279 Kan. at 683.

In Hilson, the Court of Appeals held that the defendant's two threats did not
constitute multiple acts of criminal threat. 28 Kan. App. 2d at 743. The court reasoned the
threats took place over approximately 30 minutes, a relatively short period of time. Also,
the threats were made to the same victim with the same objective. Based on this, the court
concluded the defendant's conduct was continuous, and the jury delivered a unanimous
verdict. 28 Kan. App. 2d at 743.

The State does not explain how Kesselring and Hilson relate to this case. These
cases do support an argument that multiple criminal acts within a certain time frame
without a significant interruption may be considered a continuous course of conduct. But
no single test exists to determine whether one act or separate and distinct multiple acts
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have occurred, and "[a] test that applies to kidnapping may not apply to possessing a
controlled substance." A.A., 290 Kan. at 544. For example, in State v. Foster, 290 Kan.
696, 714-15, 233 P.3d 265 (2010), the Kansas Supreme Court held that several threats
over one hour was a continuing course of conduct but two rapes over the same period
were separate and distinct acts. So neither Kesselring nor Hilson is dispositive.

If Rodriguez-Manjivar immediately followed H.Z. out of the bedroom and into the
kitchen, the acts in this case are most likely one course of conduct. But if the two acts
were spread out over 30 to 40 minutes with a break to assemble a second bed, the acts in
this case are more likely to be separate and distinct acts. Ultimately, though, it may be
unnecessary to determine whether this is a multiple acts case because any error was
harmless.

If this case presents a multiple acts case, error occurred because the State did not
elect one of the acts and the district court did not give an instruction. Because Rodriguez-
Manjivar did not request an instruction, we must review for clear error. See King, 297
Kan. at 978, 980. This requires Rodriguez-Manjivar to firmly convince us the jury would
have reached a different verdict if the district court had given a unanimity instruction. See
State v. Cooper, 303 Kan. 764, 770, 366 P.3d 232 (2016).

Failing to give a unanimity instruction is generally reversible error "except when
the defendant presents a unified defense, e.g., a general denial." State v. Voyles, 284 Kan.
239, 253, 160 P.3d 794 (2007). "[I]n one of its purest forms," a unified defense is "a mere
credibility contest between the victim and the alleged perpetrator." 284 Kan. at 253.

In his brief, Rodriguez-Manjivar does not discuss the nature of his defense, and
the exact nature of his defense is not entirely clear from the record. The State introduced
evidence that Rodriguez-Manjivar admitted to touching H.Z. inappropriately but claimed
it was an accident. Rodriguez-Manjivar also presented testimony from A.A. that he had to
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stop the headboard from falling on H.Z., which would corroborate his statement to
Miller. But in closing argument, defense counsel focused on attacking H.Z.'s credibility.
He did not argue that the touchings happened but were an accident.

That said, a review of the record does show that the trial was essentially a
credibility contest between H.Z. and Rodriguez-Manjivar. H.Z. provided detailed
testimony about the April 1 incident at trial. Her testimony was generally consistent, and
Rodriguez-Manjivar does not suggest there were any inconsistences.

Moreover, Rodriguez-Manjivar's case is distinguishable from cases like Voyles,
284 Kan. 239, in which the Kansas Supreme Court reversed the defendant's convictions
for aggravated indecent solicitation of child and aggravated criminal sodomy. In that
case, the jury heard evidence of acts involving two victims occurring in different
locations on different days. The court noted that "potentially 20 different acts or offenses
could have been committed" but the State only charged the defendant with 8 counts. 284
Kan. at 254. Additionally, there were discrepancies and inconsistencies in the witnesses'
testimonies.

The danger in cases like Voyles is a mixed verdict in which the jury convicts on a
charge even though it did not unanimously agree on the occurrence of any one act
supporting that charge. But a mixed verdict was much less likely here. Only one victim
testified about two touchings occurring in the same apartment within 40 minutes at most.
H.Z.'s testimony was generally consistent. Rodriguez-Manjivar has not explained how
some of the jurors could have believed the touching in the bedroom occurred but the one
in the kitchen did not, while other jurors could have believed the touching in the kitchen
occurred but the one in the bedroom did not. As a result, he has failed to show the jury
would have reached a different verdict if the district court had given a unanimity
instruction.

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Prior Crimes Evidence

For his final issue, Rodriguez-Manjivar argues the district court erred in admitting
prior crimes evidence. He points out that H.Z. testified Rodriguez-Manjivar had touched
her under the table when she ate dinner at his house before the April 1 incident. He
asserts the district court erred in admitting this evidence because the State did not file a
pretrial motion for its admission.

Assuming, without deciding, that H.Z.'s testimony did constitute evidence of prior
bad acts, Rodriguez-Manjivar invited any error. Despite his claim that the State
introduced this evidence, Rodriguez-Manjivar is actually the one who elicited this
testimony from H.Z. A litigant may not invite error and then complain of the error on
appeal. State v. Lowery, 308 Kan. 1183, Syl. ¶ 8, 427 P.3d 865 (2018); see also State v.
Anthony, 282 Kan. 201, 215, 145 P.3d 1 (2006) (holding invited error doctrine prevented
defendant from complaining about admission of prior crimes evidence without limiting
instruction when defendant elicited the evidence). Because Rodriguez-Manjivar elicited
the testimony he now complains about, the invited error doctrine bars him from
complaining about its admission on appeal.

But even if Rodriguez-Manjivar had not invited this error, it would not require
reversal of his conviction. Again assuming this was prior crimes evidence, evidence of a
defendant's other sexual misconduct is admissible under K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 60-455(d).
Prior misconduct involving the same victim and conduct of the same character is unlikely
to lead to an improper jury verdict. See State v. Dern, 303 Kan. 384, 395, 362 P.3d 566
(2015) (finding defendant's admission to sexual misconduct unlikely to lead to improper
jury verdict because misconduct involved same victim and conduct of same character).

Affirmed.