State v. Madlock

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 117,264

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

JAMES LEROY MADLOCK JR.,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Leavenworth District Court; GUNNAR A. SUNDBY, judge. Opinion filed June 15,
2018. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Christina M. Kerls, Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Megan Williams, assistant county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before MALONE, P.J., BUSER and GARDNER, JJ.

PER CURIAM: James Malloy Madlock Jr., was convicted of attempted voluntary
manslaughter, aggravated burglary, aggravated assault, criminal possession of a firearm
by a convicted felon, and two counts of aggravated endangering of a child. The district
court sentenced Madlock to a controlling sentence of 101 months' imprisonment,
including six months for each count of aggravated endangering of a child to run
consecutive to the sentences on the other counts. Madlock timely appeals, raising three
issues. We agree that insufficient evidence supports his conviction on one count of
aggravated endangering of a child, but we affirm the district court on all other issues.

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Factual and procedural background

The evidence relevant to the two counts of endangering a child, stated in the light
most favorable to the State, follows. In November 2015, Angela Salazar was at her home
with her son, J.T., age six; and her daughter, A.P., age 13. Her son Lorenzo, age 21, and
his friend, the victim here, dropped off some cigarettes for Salazar and then went outside.
J.T. was eating at the dining room table and A.P. was in her bedroom upstairs when
Salazar heard loud voices outside.

Salazar looked outside and saw a man she recognized, later identified as Madlock.
She saw a "30-round" clip of ammunition sticking out of the pocket of Madlock's
sweatshirt. When she opened the front door, she saw the victim with his hands up, saying
"I don't got no problem with you." She and Lorenzo both told Madlock to get away from
her porch. The victim ran past Salazar, into the house. Madlock pushed Salazar out of the
way and rushed in after the victim, pointing his gun either straight ahead or at Salazar's
head.

Salazar gave differing accounts about what happened next—her trial testimony
contradicts the statements she made during a recorded interview at the police station. In
that recording admitted into evidence at trial, Salazar stated that she saw J.T. on the
sectional couch in the living room, at the "very end," farthest away from Madlock. She
told the law enforcement officer that she stopped moving so that J.T. would not move,
and that after the shooting she found J.T. on the couch.

At trial, Salazar testified that after Madlock entered her home, she rushed into the
dining room to find J.T., but he was no longer at the table and she did not see him
anywhere. When Lorenzo came in, she told him to find J.T. She testified that the
apartment is "not that big in there, so for me not to see my son [J.T.], I freaked out." She
thought he might be hiding in the kitchen closet. She then saw Madlock and the victim in
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the living room. She saw the victim on the floor in the "itty-bitty small space" between
the bench seat at the dining room table and the sectional couch in the living room.
Madlock leaned down and shot the victim in the head.

Salazar heard multiple shots and saw Madlock waving the gun. She thought he
was just going to "shoot anything." She "freaked out" and wanted to run out of the house,
but also wanted to find J.T. She told Lorenzo to find J.T. and then she and Lorenzo ran
out of the house. By this time, A.P. was running downstairs, and Salazar told her to get
out of the house and then pushed her outside. She heard the gunshots stop and did not
know where Madlock was or what he was doing. When she saw him, she thought maybe
his gun had jammed. He "flew out" of the door right past her. He had the gun but did not
brandish it at her again. Salazar testified that the only time Madlock was in proximity to
A.P. was when he ran past her and Salazar, and that A.P. saw Madlock. After Madlock
left, Lorenzo came out of the house, and then the three went back in to find J.T. They
found him in a space behind the sectional couch. Salazar testified that they "never even
knew that" he was there.

Madlock was convicted in a jury trial of the charges noted above. Although he was
charged with attempted second degree murder, the jury found him guilty of the lesser
included offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter. Madlock appeals, raising three
issues.

Does sufficient evidence support Madlock's conviction of aggravated endangering of a
child?

Madlock first argues that insufficient evidence supports his conviction of
aggravated endangering of a child because the State failed to prove that he knew that J.T.,
A.P, or any child was in Salazar's house when he was there.

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Standard of review

The standard of review for challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence is
"whether, after review of all of the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Davis, 275 Kan. 107, 118, 61
P.3d 701 (2003). In reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
appellate courts "examine all the evidence favorable to the prosecution against 'the
essential elements of a charge' to see if sufficient evidence supported all necessary
elements. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Bolze-Sann, 302 Kan. 198, 203, 352 P.3d 511
(2015).

Discussion

Aggravated endangering of a child is defined as "[r]ecklessly causing or
permitting a child under the age of 18 years to be placed in a situation in which the child's
life, body or health is endangered." K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 21-5601(b)(1). A person acts
"recklessly" when he or she "consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk
that circumstances exist . . . and such disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the
standard of care which a reasonable person would exercise in the situation." K.S.A. 2017
Supp. 21-5202(j).

We examined the recklessness element of this crime in State v. Herndon, 52 Kan.
App. 2d 857, 861-62, 379 P.3d 403 (2016), rev. denied 306 Kan. 1324 (2017). We found
the State must prove "that the defendant acted with the conscious realization that there
was a substantial risk that such conduct would place a child in peril." 52 Kan. App. 2d
857, Syl. ¶ 7. Because no evidence showed the defendant was aware of the likely
presence of a child in the backseat of a pickup truck when he shot at the truck, we
reversed his conviction for aggravated endangering of a child.
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Here, two children were present in the home at the time of the shooting but were
in different locations. Thus, we consider the evidence regarding each child separately.

The evidence regarding endangerment of J.T. (Count VI)

The evidence supporting this conviction, viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, follows:

(1) Before Madlock entered the room, J.T., a 6 year-old-boy, was sitting at the
dining room table;

(2) When Madlock entered the room, Salazar yelled at him to not shoot her son but
she did not think Madlock heard her;

(3) J.T. was on the far end of the sectional couch when the shooting occurred;

(4) Salazar stood still after she saw J.T., hoping that J.T. would also stay still and
Madlock would not notice him; and

(5) Madlock shot the victim while the victim was on the floor in the small space
between the dining room table and the same sectional couch that J.T. was on.

As noted above, Salazar's statements concerning J.T.'s whereabouts during the
event were contradictory—at the police station, she stated that he was "on the couch,"
whereas at trial, she testified that he was "behind the couch" and they "never even knew
he was there." But the recording of this police interview was admitted into evidence and
it is not our role to resolve evidentiary conflicts.

Madlock argues that to consciously disregard a risk of endangering a child, the
State must prove defendant's actual knowledge of the child's presence, citing Herndon, 52
Kan. App. 2d at 862. Here, no direct evidence shows that Madlock knew of the boy's
presence. But the jury could have chosen to believe testimony that J.T. was on the far end
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of the sectional couch at the time Madlock shot the victim in close proximity to that
couch. Those facts give rise to the reasonable inference that Madlock was aware a child
was present, and warrant a jury's finding beyond a reasonable doubt that Madlock had a
conscious realization of the presence of a child and then disregarded a substantial risk
that his conduct would place J.T. in peril. Accordingly, we affirm Madlock's conviction
of aggravated endangering of a child in count VI.

The evidence regarding endangerment of A.P. (Count V)

Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence supporting this
conviction consists of the following:

(1) A.P., a 13 year old girl, was upstairs when Madlock entered the
apartment;

(2) She ran downstairs after Madlock began shooting;

(3) Salazar pushed her out of the house;

(4) Madlock ran past her and Salazar as he left the apartment; and

(5) She saw Madlock as he ran past her.

A.P. was upstairs when the shooting began and no facts show that the shooting
continued after she ran downstairs. When she ran downstairs, her mother pushed her
outside and she saw Madlock run past her with a gun as he left the apartment. No
testimony shows any interaction between Madlock and A.P. or shows that Madlock posed
a threat to her either when he was in the apartment or when he ran out of it. This evidence
is insufficient to prove that Madlock consciously realized that A.P. was present during
the shooting. Nor does the evidence show that Madlock acted with the conscious
realization that his fleeing the apartment with a gun posed a substantial risk that such
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conduct would place A.P. in peril. Because the State failed to prove the elements of this
crime as to A.P., we must reverse his conviction on count V.

Did the district court err in denying Madlock's motion for transcripts and a continuance?

Madlock next contends the district court violated his constitutional and statutory
rights by denying his attorney's motion for a transcript and for a continuance, made the
day before his sentencing hearing. We first set forth a few facts relevant to this claim.

Madlock was convicted by a jury on August 2, 2016. On August 24, 2016,
Madlock wrote a letter to the district court asking for a new trial and a new attorney,
generally alleging that his trial attorney was "no help to me." The district court permitted
Madlock's trial counsel to withdraw and appointed a new attorney but denied Madlock's
request for a transcript which Madlock wanted so his new attorney could become familiar
with the case.

At a September hearing concerning post-trial motions, the district court granted
new counsel's request for a two-week continuance. Two weeks later, the district court
granted counsel's request for a competency evaluation. In October, the district court
found Madlock competent and set his sentencing for December 7. On December 6, 2016,
new counsel filed the two motions that underlie this appeal: a motion for transcripts and
a motion for a continuance so he could review the transcripts and consult further with
Madlock concerning any trial errors. The district court denied those motions and
sentenced Madlock.

No constitutional right to transcripts has been shown

Madlock argues that without the trial transcripts—and time to review them for
specific acts or omissions that could be alleged to be deficient—his new counsel could
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not effectively represent him in pursuing a motion for a new trial based on ineffective
assistance of his trial counsel. Thus, he argues, the district court denied him his
constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel in the sentencing stage.

A defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel extends through sentencing
because sentencing is a critical stage in a felony proceeding. See Lafler v. Cooper, 566
U.S. 156, 165, 132 S. Ct. 1376, 182 L. Ed. 2d 398 (2012). But Madlock does not contend
that his new attorney did not represent him adequately during his sentencing hearing.
Instead, he contends that his new counsel could not effectively represent him
presentencing in pursuing an untimely motion for a new trial based on ineffective
assistance of his trial counsel.

The constitutional right to counsel applies to a motion for new trial filed within the
statutory limitation period, but does not apply to one not filed within that time. State v.
Andrews, 228 Kan. 368, 375, 614 P.2d 447 (1980). See State v. Sharkey, 299 Kan. 87, 95,
322 P.3d 325 (2014); State v. Kirby, 272 Kan. 1170, 1192-93, 39 P.3d 1 (2002); State v.
Kingsley, 252 Kan. 761, 766-67, 851 P.2d 370 (1993). A motion for new trial filed within
the 14-day limitation period and before a direct appeal is a critical stage of the criminal
proceedings, so a defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to the representation of counsel
at a hearing on the motion. Sharkey, 299 Kan. at 96. But as explained in Sharkey, an
untimely motion for new trial is not a critical stage of a felony proceeding for
constitutional purposes.

Madlock concedes that he did not timely file a motion for new trial within 14 days
of his guilty verdict, but Madlock contends that the district court extended the motion
deadline on September 14, 2016, by granting a two-week extension for his new attorney
to get up to speed. The relevant statute states that a motion for new trial not based on
newly discovered evidence "shall be made within 14 days after the verdict . . . or within
such further time as the court may fix during the 14-day period." K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-
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3501. Madlock was found guilty on August 2, 2016, thus any extension the district court
granted on September 14 was not fixed during the 14-day period after the verdict, as the
statute requires. And no motion for new trial was filed within the two-week extension
Madlock specifies.

In Andrews, our Supreme Court found that "an indigent defendant has a right to
appointed counsel in perfecting his appeal, including the right to a trial transcript and the
right to file an appeal without a filing fee. [Citation omitted.]" (Emphasis added.)
228 Kan. at 372. The right to a free transcript is tied to a defendant's right to appointed
counsel. In State v. Deal, 41 Kan. App. 2d 866, 888, 206 P.3d 529 (2009), the defendant
sought to expand Andrews, arguing that the right to transcripts should apply not only to
appeals but also to motions for a new trial in the district court. We refused to extend the
Andrews holding to include a constitutional right to trial transcripts for all attorneys
appointed after the trial to handle posttrial motions for indigent defendants. Deal found
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion or interfere with defendant's right to
counsel by denying his request for a continuance of the hearing on motions for a new trial
so that new counsel could obtain and review a trial transcript. The same is true here.

Madlock, who filed no motion for a new trial, can show no violation of his Sixth
Amendment rights. Madlock had counsel during trial and through sentencing, and has not
shown any constitutional right to a transcript so his counsel could have filed an untimely
motion for a new trial before his sentencing hearing.

No statutory right to a transcript has been shown

Madlock primarily contends that he was entitled to a transcript under K.S.A. 22-
4509, which provides:

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"Whenever it is determined that a transcript of all or some part of the trial or
other proceeding is necessary to enable a person who is entitled to appeal, or to pursue
another post-conviction remedy, to present such person's cause adequately and it is
further determined that the appellant or petitioner or movant is financially unable to pay
for the preparation of such transcript, the district court shall order that the transcript be
supplied to the appellant or petitioner or movant by the official reporter of the district
court."

This court analyzes whether a defendant is entitled to free transcripts using an abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Brown, 266 Kan. 563, 572, 973 P.2d 773 (1999). Judicial
discretion is abused if it is based on an error of fact or of law or it is arbitrary, such that
no reasonable person would adopt the view of the court. State v. Johnson, 304 Kan. 924,
945, 376 P.3d 70 (2016). The party asserting abuse of judicial discretion has the burden
to prove it on appeal. State v. Smith-Parker, 301 Kan. 132, 161, 340 P.3d 485 (2014).
To the extent this issue requires statutory interpretation, our review is unlimited. See
State v. Collins, 303 Kan. 472, 473-74, 362 P.3d 1098 (2015).

Madlock must overcome three barriers to rely on this statute. First, he must show
he is financially unable to pay for the preparation of a transcript. We presume Madlock
meets this criteria because he was appointed counsel.

Second, Madlock must show that he seeks the transcripts either to enable an initial
appeal or to allow pursuit of a "postconviction remedy." Madlock contends that the
transcript would have enabled him to pursue a postconviction remedy—an untimely
motion for new trial. Madlock asserts a right to receive transcripts after being convicted
but before being sentenced so he could determine whether to pursue a motion for new
trial. But this statute may not extend that far.

Madlock cites no authority for his assertion that a motion for new trial is a
"postconviction remedy" within the meaning of that term in K.S.A. 22-4509. Petitions
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under K.S.A. 60-1501 and motions under 60-1507 easily fit that bill. But none of the
cases citing K.S.A. 22-4509 involve a motion for new trial. See, e.g., State v. Griffen, 241
Kan. 68, 70, 734 P.2d 1089 (1987); State v. Duckett, 13 Kan. App. 2d 122, 124-25, 764
P.2d 134 (1988).We routinely refer to a motion for a new trial as a "posttrial motion," not
as a postconviction remedy or a postconviction motion. See, e.g., State v. Dupree, 304
Kan. 377, 382, 373 P.3d 811 (2016) ("After denying Dupree's posttrial motions for a new
trial and judgment of acquittal, the district court sentenced him."). (Emphasis added.) The
legislature does the same: the statute governing motions for new trial is in Article 35,
which is titled "Post-trial Motions." K.S.A. 2017 Supp. 22-3501.

Nonetheless, the Kansas Supreme Court has found that when an untimely motion
for new trial is filed, the trial court should treat it as a collateral challenge to the
conviction under K.S.A. 60-1507. Sharkey, 299 Kan. at 95. A K.S.A. 60-1507 motion is a
postconviction remedy. In that situation, the duty to appoint counsel depends on whether
the motion raises substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact. See K.S.A. 22-
4506(b); Robertson v. State, 288 Kan. 217, 228, 201 P.3d 691 (2009). The duty to
provide a transcript depends on that same criteria. See K.S.A. 22-4506(b) (providing that
if the petition or motion presents substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact and
raises questions shown by the trial record, the court shall order that the petitioner or
movant be supplied with a transcript of the trial proceedings). Although Madlock filed
neither a timely nor an untimely motion for new trial, we assume without deciding that
had he filed an untimely motion for new trial, he may have fit within the "postconviction
remedy" prong of K.S.A. 22-4509.

Third, to be entitled to a transcript under K.S.A. 22-4509, Madlock must also
show that the transcripts are "necessary" to enable him to present his cause adequately.
This requirement echoes the requirement in K.S.A. 22-4506(b) that a postconviction
motion must present substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact or it will be
subject to summary dismissal.
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Vague, conclusory requests for a transcript that fail to show why a transcript is
necessary are mere fishing expeditions that fail to meet the necessity standard:

"In his motion to the Supreme Court for the transcript, defendant's appellate counsel
stated the transcript 'is necessary for adequate preservation of the right to appeal a
sentencing determination.' There is absolutely no showing of any attempt by appellate
counsel to determine what actually transpired at the hearing and no showing of why
counsel feels the transcript is necessary. . . . On this record, the request for a transcript
appears to be nothing more than a fishing expedition by counsel and we find no error in
the denial of the transcript." Griffen, 241 Kan. at 71.

Madlock did not make a showing of necessity at the district court and does not do
so now. Madlock asserts that the transcripts were necessary to enable him to file an
untimely motion for new trial before he was sentenced, based on some unspecified
grounds generally relating to ineffective assistance of counsel. The closest he comes to
showing any value of the transcripts is to argue that he was prejudiced by not having
them earlier so he could raise his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel to the district
court instead of raising them later. But Madlock has never shown why he needed the
transcripts before he could be sentenced—nothing shows that any deficiency in his trial
counsel, had it been revealed in the transcripts, could have had any impact on his
sentencing hearing.

Nor does Madlock cite caselaw to support his assertion of a right to the trial
transcripts. We rejected a similar argument in Deal, whose facts parallel those here. The
defendant in Deal argued that "'counsel could no more mount an effective argument at
the hearing on the motion for new trial without the trial transcript than an appointed
appellate attorney could mount an appeal without said transcripts.'" 41 Kan. App. 2d at
888. Likewise, Madlock's counsel stated that he could not raise the issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel without a trial transcript and could not do it effectively without a
"substantially larger amount of time." We rejected this argument in Deal as illogical,
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unsupported by authority, and impractical, as it would empower a defendant to
indefinitely extend posttrial litigation before the trial court. Madlock gives us no reason
to reconsider that position. We find no abuse of discretion in the district court's
determination that Madlock failed to show the necessity of transcripts before his
sentencing, so he was not entitled to a transcript under K.S.A. 22-4509.

We find no abuse of discretion in the denial of a continuance

As we recognized in Deal, in certain cases, the trial court might properly continue
the matter for the defendant's attorney to obtain a trial transcript. 41 Kan. App. 2d 890.
The district court may grant a continuance for good cause shown. K.S.A. 22-3401. We
review the denial of a motion to continue the sentencing hearing under an abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Beaman, 295 Kan. 853, 863, 286 P.3d 876 (2012).

Madlock asserts that we should review this issue de novo, citing Johnson. But that
case provides for de novo review when a defendant alleges that the denial of a
continuance interfered with his or her ability to present a defense at trial. 304 Kan. at
945. That is not the case here, and Madlock cites no authority for applying Johnson's
analysis to postconviction proceedings. Accordingly, we review this issue for an abuse of
discretion.

Madlock has failed to identify any error of law or fact in the district court's ruling.
We thus review it to see if it was arbitrary. The district court had already continued the
sentencing hearing for several months in response to defense motions and it saw no
legitimate reason for further delay. Madlock's new attorney was appointed on September
1, 2016, and Madlock was found competent on October 19, 2016. Nonetheless, his
attorney did not file a motion for a continuance and transcripts until December 6, 2016,
the day before the date of his sentencing hearing. No explanation for that delay was
given. Nor was any reason given why counsel needed the transcripts before Madlock was
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sentenced. The court accurately noted that Madlock had alternative avenues of relief—he
could raise the issue of trial counsel's ineffectiveness, if any, in an appeal or in a K.S.A.
60-1507 motion. The court also found it beneficial to Madlock not to delay his sentencing
for "months and months" to permit his attorney to review the trial transcript, because
some issues may relate to effective assistance of counsel but not to mere trial error and
could not be remedied by a motion for new trial. It thus found denial of the continuance
would not prejudice Madlock.

Madlock is represented on appeal by counsel and has received the transcripts he
desired earlier yet he has not made any viable or specific allegations that his trial counsel
was defective or that those deficiencies prejudiced him, as is necessary for any claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel. See Miller v. State, 298 Kan. 921, 929, 318 P.3d 155
(2014). The only prejudice Madlock asserts on appeal are (1) a significant amount of time
will pass before he can get his claims of ineffective trial counsel addressed in a K.S.A.
60-1507 motion, and (2) that he will have no right to counsel in preparing his K.S.A. 60-
1507 motion. These facts are common to all defendants who file K.S.A. 60-1507
motions, but they fail to show prejudice flowing from any deficiency of Madlock's trial
counsel, or prejudice caused by the district court's denial of a continuance.

"[S]imply arguing that there 'may' be an issue worthy of another motion is
insufficient to justify a continuance." Beaman, 295 Kan. at 864 (finding no abuse of
discretion in denying a sentencing hearing continuance when defense counsel could have
addressed the issues earlier, and counsel was merely speculating whether motions may
need to be filed).

Under these circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court in
denying the continuance. But even assuming some abuse of discretion, we find any error
to be harmless given Madlock's failure to show prejudice.

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Did the district court violate the defendant's Sixth or Fourteenth Amendment rights by
using his criminal history to increase his sentence?

Madlock's last argument is that the district court improperly used his criminal
history to increase his sentence. He argues that the district court violated his
constitutional rights as explained in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.
Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), by using his criminal history to increase his sentence
without having proved his criminal history to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. But our
Supreme Court rejected this argument in State v. Ivory, 273 Kan. 44, 46-47, 41 P.3d 781
(2002), and it continues to cite Ivory as valid law. See, e.g., State v. Shaylor, 306 Kan.
1049, 1050, 400 P.3d 177 (2017). We are bound to follow the holdings of our Supreme
Court absent an indication that our Supreme Court is moving away from its earlier
position. State v. Meyer, 51 Kan. App. 2d 1066, 1072, 360 P.3d 467 (2015). Thus, we
reject this argument.

Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, we reverse Madlock's convictions on count V for
aggravated endangering of a child and we affirm all remaining issues.