State v. Lewis

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 113,536


IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

ISAAC J. LEWIS,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; BRUCE C. BROWN, judge. Opinion filed May 20, 2016.
Affirmed.

Heather Cessna, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Julie A. Koon, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before HILL, P.J., STANDRIDGE and ATCHESON, JJ.

Per Curiam: Isaac J. Lewis contends the district court abused its discretion in
denying his motion seeking a dispositional departure to probation and in using his prior
convictions to calculate his sentence. We conclude the district court did not abuse its
discretion in denying his motion for dispositional departure. Furthermore, the Kansas
Supreme Court has already ruled that use of prior convictions in calculating a sentence
does not violate a defendant's constitutional rights.


2

Lewis pled guilty.

On November 4, 2014, Lewis pled guilty to one count of possession of cocaine.
The plea agreement set forth, in part, that the State would recommend at sentencing a low
presumptive sentence to run consecutively to any other case and that Lewis was free to
argue for an alternative disposition. Lewis subsequently moved for a dispositional
departure to probation. He reasoned that there were substantial and compelling reasons
for departure, including the following:

 He had accepted responsibility;
 the facts in his case involved a lesser degree of harm typical for this
offense;
 he was not a "major" drug dealer;
 no weapon was involved;
 his defense to the charges was not without merit;
 the treatment he required for drug and alcohol issues was more readily
available while on probation;
 the serious kidney and liver issues he suffered from ensured he would not
continue to use illegal drugs;
 he was young;
 he had a supportive family; and
 he had done well with pretrial services.

At the sentencing hearing, the State pointed out that Lewis had a criminal history
score of A and had been originally charged with a severity level 3 offense that had been
reduced to a severity level 5. The State asked the district court to follow the plea
agreement and impose a low presumptive prison sentence. The district court, on its own
motion, granted Lewis a durational departure. In doing so, the district court referred to
the reasons stated in Lewis' motion and noted that Lewis took responsibility for his
3

actions and saved the State the cost of a trial. The district court departed from a
presumptive sentencing range of 37-40-42 months down to 31 months, but based on
Lewis' criminal history score of A, the district court denied Lewis' motion for
dispositional departure for a lack of substantial and compelling reasons. Lewis appealed
from his sentence.

We find no abuse of discretion.

Lewis first claims the district court erred in not granting a downward dispositional
departure to probation. He argues that the reasons articulated in his motion were
substantial mitigating factors in support of probation, and notes that the district court
found substantial and compelling reasons justifying a durational departure sentence. The
State argues that the district court adequately considered Lewis' motion and reasonably
found the mitigating factors argued did not support a dispositional departure sentence.

We review such questions about departure sentences for an abuse of discretion.
State v. Floyd, 296 Kan. 685, 687, 294 P.3d 318 (2013). A judicial action constitutes an
abuse of discretion if the action (1) is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) is based on
an error of law; or (3) is based on an error of fact. State v. Mosher, 299 Kan. 1, 3, 319
P.3d 1253 (2014). Lewis, as the party asserting the district court abused its discretion,
bears the burden of showing such abuse. See State v. Rojas-Marceleno, 295 Kan. 525,
531, 285 P.3d 361 (2012).

A district court must impose the presumptive sentence unless it finds substantial
and compelling reasons to impose a departure. K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 21-6815(a).

"Whether a mitigating factor is '"substantial"' depends on whether it is
'"something that is real, not imagined; something with substance and not ephemeral,"
while . . . "'compelling' implies the court is forced, by the facts of a case, to leave the
status quo or go beyond what is ordinary."' [Citations omitted.] But mitigating
4

circumstances do not per se constitute substantial and compelling reasons for departure.
[Citation omitted.]" Floyd, 296 Kan. at 688.

Here, the district court considered each factor in Lewis' motion as well as his
conduct awaiting trial and found that while there were substantial and compelling reasons
to justify a durational departure, the same factors did not justify granting Lewis' request
for a downward dispositional departure. As the district court pointed out, Lewis has a
criminal history score of A with 29 entries, including convictions for aggravated assault,
robbery, and aggravated escape. Lewis has drug convictions going back to 2000 so his
substance abuse issues were not new. Despite repeated opportunities on probation to
change his conduct, Lewis failed to do so.

Based on these facts and its desire to have Lewis "go a lifetime without
committing offenses," the district court concluded that Lewis was not amenable to a
nonprison sanction. The record does indicate that one mitigating factor is unique to
Lewis' particular case: he has a medical condition that purportedly impacts his future
drug or alcohol use and requires ongoing treatments that are more readily available if not
incarcerated. But our standard of review does not warrant reversal for this circumstance.

A reasonable person could have taken the view adopted by the district court that
the mitigating circumstances were not substantial and compelling to justify a departure to
probation. There is no abuse of discretion here.

The district court did not abuse its discretion in using Lewis' prior convictions to
calculate his sentence.

Next, Lewis claims the district court violated Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S.
466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), when it enhanced his sentence based
upon his criminal history without first requiring his prior convictions to be alleged in the
complaint and be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Lewis concedes that the Kansas
5

Supreme Court rejected a similar argument in State v. Ivory, 273 Kan. 44, 46-48, 41 P.3d
781 (2002), but raises it to preserve federal review. Our Supreme Court recently
reaffirmed Ivory in State v. Baker, 297 Kan. 482, 485, 301 P.3d 706 (2013). This court is
duty bound to follow Kansas Supreme Court precedent absent some indication that the
court is departing from its earlier position. See State v. Belone, 51 Kan. App. 2d 179, 211,
343 P.3d 128, rev. denied 302 Kan. ____ (2015). Since there is no indication our
Supreme Court is departing from Ivory, we are compelled to conclude that the district
court did not violate Apprendi in sentencing Lewis.

Affirmed.