State v. Jackson

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 113,654

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

RANETTA JACKSON,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; CHRISTOPHER M. MAGANA, judge. Opinion filed May 6,
2016. Reversed and remanded with directions.

Heather Cessna, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Lance J. Gillett, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.


Before POWELL, P.J., ARNOLD-BURGER, J., and BURGESS, S.J.

Per Curiam: Before remanding a defendant to serve his or her sentence following
a probation revocation, the court is generally required to impose intermediate sanctions.
But if the court finds that the defendant absconded or with particularity finds that the
welfare of the defendant would not be served by imposing intermediate sanctions the
court can bypass the sanctions. See K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(8), (9). Ranetta
Jackson was placed on probation after pleading guilty to possession of
methamphetamine, forgery, and criminal damage to property. Jackson violated the terms
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of her probation and was taken in to custody. At her probation revocation hearing, the
district court revoked Jackson's probation and imposed her underlying sentence without
first ordering her to serve an intermediate sanction based on its findings that Jackson had
absconded from supervision and that a return to probation was not in Jackson's best
interests. Jackson now appeals. Because we find that Jackson did not abscond and the
court failed to state with particularity the reasons her welfare would not be served by
imposition of intermediate sanctions, we reverse and remand for a new dispositional
hearing.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Jackson pled guilty to one count of possession of methamphetamine, one count of
forgery, and one count of criminal damage to property, in exchange for the State's
recommendation of a downward dispositional departure to probation. The district court
accepted Jackson's plea and sentenced her in accordance with the recommendations
contained in the plea agreement, with the caveat that probation would begin after Jackson
finished serving her prison sentence in a prior case.

Two days after her release from prison, Jackson reported to her probation officer
as required. She was required to submit to a urinalysis test which was positive for the
presence of drugs or alcohol. Jackson was scheduled to meet with her probation officer
again about 2 weeks later but canceled the meeting for health reasons. The meeting was
rescheduled for the following week, but Jackson did not attend it and did not contact her
probation officer again to reschedule.

Approximately 1 month after Jackson was released from prison, she was taken
into custody for violating the terms of her probation by consuming drugs or alcohol,
failing to report to her probation officer, and failing to report to drug treatment. Jackson
stipulated to the violations and asked that her probation be reinstated so that she could
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attend drug treatment as planned. The district court denied Jackson's request and imposed
her underlying sentence after finding that Jackson had absconded from supervision and
that a return to probation would not be beneficial to her welfare. Jackson now appeals.

ANALYSIS

Jackson argues that the district court erred when it revoked her probation without
first imposing graduated sanctions as required by K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1).
There is no dispute that Jackson violated her probation; in fact, she stipulated that she
did. The issue presented is whether the court was required to first impose graduated
sanctions before remanding her to serve the balance of her sentence in prison. Whether
the district court properly imposed a sentence after revoking Jackson's probation invokes
a question of law over which an appellate court exercises unlimited review. See State v.
Sandberg, 290 Kan. 980, 984, 235 P.3d 476 (2010). Likewise, our review is unlimited to
the extent that resolution of this issue requires statutory interpretation. See State v. Dale,
293 Kan. 660, 662, 267 P.3d 743 (2011).

Regardless of whether a judge has threatened previously to revoke a defendant's
probation if there are any violations, the legislature has clearly chosen to limit the court's
ability to follow through on such a threat. K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(B) requires,
with a few limited exceptions, that for a first violation of probation in a case, the court is
prohibited from imposing more than 18 days in jail, to be served in 2-day or 3-day
consecutive sessions. But if the defendant commits a new crime or absconds from
supervision while on probation, the court can bypass this intermediate sanction and
remand the defendant to serve the balance of his or her term in prison. K.S.A. 2014 Supp.
22-3716(c)(8). Likewise, if "the court finds and sets forth with particularity the reasons
for the finding that the safety of members of the public will be jeopardized or that the
welfare of the offender will not be served by such sanction" the court may also bypass
alternative sanctions. K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9).
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Here, the district court made the following remarks:

"THE COURT: Miss Jackson, just so the record's clear, Mr. Edwards is right. I
do have quite a history with you. At your last PV on 13 CR 2687, while we did look at
Residential and ultimately you didn't qualify for that, you were ultimately revoked to
DOC for just a couple months because that's all you had left on your sentence. But the
reason was you had absconded on that case while you were on probation to me and you
had committed new crimes. In that last case you absconded for about two weeks also.

"At our sentencing in September [on this case] I was pretty clear to you that
when you got out of prison after those two months and you started this probation that you
better comply. And I am going to give you the benefit of the doubt that you still
apparently have some sort of a meth problem, but when you turn around and abscond
again almost immediately and you don't take any steps to enter the treatment then
probation doesn't seem cut out for you or vice versa. I was actually pretty easy on you in
that case because I gave you a probation that there was very little that you actually had to
do other than get into treatment. I'll remind you, Miss Jackson, you were presumptive
prison on this case and you were special rule because you were on probation and bond, I
believe. So probation does not seem to be something that you're either willing or able to
accomplish.

"I reviewed Dr. Parker's psychological evaluation. He certainly gives some
interesting insight into you in his opinion, but I think you had enough opportunities at
probation. And I guess I'd have to disagree that I'm giving up on you. What I think it is is
there are consequences to your actions. You avoided a major bullet back in September
when you were even given probation on this case when you were presumptive prison.
You have squandered that opportunity, and we just can't keep going in this cycle that
you're in and that you're sucking us into. I'm not going to be part of it, because I don't
believe it's frankly in your benefit to try and go back on probation. There's no doubt you
need treatment, but you've had plenty of opportunities for that.

"So at this point I think we're going to have to follow through on what I advised
you was a strong possibility if you didn't comply. You couldn't even last a month on
probation. I'm going to find that pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3716 the defendant has
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absconded. And noting her history, I'm going to also make a finding that it is not in this
defendant's welfare to serve any intermediate sanctions based upon that history and the
nature of these violations and in particular her history of absconding on the pervious case
and on this case. I'm going to revoke her probation and I'm going to impose sentence at
this time."

Additionally, in the journal entry of judgment, the district court made note that it
was revoking probation and imposing the underlying sentence based on its findings: "1.
Defendant absconded from supervision. 2. Based on defendant's history, it is not in the
defendant's best interest to serve any sanctions."

So we must determine whether Jackson had, in fact, absconded and whether the
district court set forth with particularity the reasons for the finding that Jackson's welfare
would not be served by an intermediate sanction. If either of these stated grounds for an
exception existed, then the district judge did not err in bypassing alternative sanctions.
We take each exception in turn.

Jackson did not abscond.

Jackson's first argument is that the district court erred when it determined she had
absconded from supervision and used this finding to bypass the intermediate sanctions
required by K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)(B). In support of her argument, Jackson
relies primarily on State v. Huckey, 51 Kan. App. 2d 451, 348 P.3d 997 (2015), rev.
denied 302 Kan. ___ (August 12, 2015). There, Huckey violated the terms of his
probation by failing to report to intake/orientation, failing to relocate as directed, failing
to be at his reported residence, using illegal drugs, and failing to schedule transportation
that would have allowed him to report as directed. After confirming that Huckey had
been gone from supervision for more than 2 months, the district court determined that
Huckey had absconded, revoked his probation, and ordered him to serve his underlying
prison sentence.
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On appeal, Huckey argued that while he had violated the terms of his probation by
failing to report to supervision, he had not absconded. This court agreed, recognizing that
abscond means "'[t]o depart secretly or suddenly, especially to avoid arrest, prosecution
or service of process.'" 51 Kan. App. 2d at 455. Failing to report for supervision, without
more, is not evidence that a person has absconded, it is merely indicative of absentee
status. 51 Kan. App. 2d at 457. To establish that a person has absconded, the State bears
the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the probationer has "fled
or hidden himself [or herself] or deliberately acted to avoid arrest, prosecution, or service
of process." See 51 Kan. App. 2d at 457-58. In Huckey's case, all the State proved was
that Huckey failed to report, not that he took evasive maneuvers to avoid justice.

The State argues that State v. Coffman, No. 112,885, 2015 WL 9287029 (Kan.
App. 2015) (unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed January 13, 2016, is a more
analogous case. In Coffman, this court again attempted to determine under what set of
circumstances a probationer can be found to have absconded for purposes of K.S.A. 2014
Supp. 22-3716(c). There, Coffman violated the terms of her probation by failing to report
to her probation officer as directed, failing to submit to urinalysis testing, failing to
attempt to find suitable employment, failing to keep her probation officer advised of her
current address, failing to obtain a mental health evaluation, failing to pay court imposed
fines, and failing to complete community service hours. At Coffman's probation
revocation hearing, her probation officer, Tonda McGrath, testified that she attempted to
contact and locate Coffman a number of times after her first missed appointment.
McGrath testified that she called and left messages on Coffman's and her boyfriend's
phones, and attempted to contact Coffman at her last known residential address and at a
motel after receiving a tip that Coffman was staying there. Coffman herself testified that
between the day she last reported for supervision and the day of her probation revocation
hearing 3 months later, she moved three times without notifying or attempting to notify
McGrath. At the close of the hearing, the court revoked Coffman's probation, determined
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that she had absconded from supervision, and ordered her to serve her underlying
sentence.

On appeal, this court affirmed the district court. The panel recognized the recent
holding in Huckey, and determined that Coffman had done more than merely fail to
report. 2015 WL 9287029, at *3-4. In support of its position, the panel made note of
"Coffman's frequent moves coupled with McGrath's numerous attempts to contact
Coffman" and decided that Coffman's behavior "supported a conclusion that Coffman
departed secretly or suddenly to avoid supervision by her probation officer." 2015 WL
9287029, at *4.

Here, Jackson reported to supervision once, on November 13, 2014. Jackson then
called on December 2, the date of her second scheduled meeting, to let her probation
officer know that she had injured her back and would not be able to attend the meeting,
and rescheduled for the following week. Jackson failed to report to the rescheduled
meeting. On December 15, Jackson was taken into custody on a warrant for violating the
terms of her probation. Unlike in Coffman, there was no testimony that efforts had been
made to contact or locate Jackson between December 2 and 15.

Although the district court did not have the benefit of the Huckey decision at the
time it found that Jackson absconded, we find the district court erred when it determined
that Jackson absconded. Jackson was out of contact with her probation officer for only
2 weeks before she was arrested for violating the terms of her probation. She did nothing
that would indicate that she had absconded from supervision other than fail to report.
Merely failing to report, especially for a time period as short as 2 weeks, is insufficient
evidence of absconding to justify revoking probation and imposing an offender's
underlying sentence. See Huckey, 51 Kan. App. 2d at 457.

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The district court failed to set forth with particularity the reasons why Jackson's
welfare would not be served by being placed back on probation.

The State argues that even if the district court erred when it determined Jackson
absconded from supervision, the revocation should be upheld on the alternate basis that
Jackson's welfare would not be served by being placed back on probation.

In order for an offender's welfare to serve as the basis for bypassing intermediate
sanctions, a district court must set "forth with particularity the reasons for finding that . . .
the welfare of the offender will not be served by such sanction." K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9). This court recently addressed the requirements of K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-
3716(c)(9) in State v. McFeeters, 52 Kan. App. 2d 45, 362 P.3d 603 (2015). There, the
district court revoked McFeeters' probation and ordered him to serve his underlying
sentence without first imposing a 120 to 180 day intermediate sentence, finding that
"'public safety or offender welfare' would not be served" by a lesser sanction. 52 Kan.
App. 2d at 47. Specifically, the district court found:

"'My major concern is drug usage. This is a drug case; you've failed to go to treatment.
You only reported from the records that I see for about two months and I don't know how
many UAs you had in two months, but I would venture to say you didn't have that many.
You had one that you were dirty, you may have had more, I don't know how many you
had. That was one question I was going to ask Mr. James, unfortunately, he is not here
today, but you stopped reporting in two months. I don't know about the drug treatment
and what was set up and whether you could get in right away or not, but it seems to me if
you had been on probation before, you knew what you needed to do, you did not do that,
you picked up another charge in the meantime, albeit a minor charge, apparently, the
municipal court charge, but I do have concerns. I read through last night your LSI-R
report and the substance abuse evaluation and I think there was some question in the
substance abuse evaluation how accurate your recollection was with regard to your usage
of drugs. I think that there was some conflicts, at least the evaluator believed that you
said different things different times as to your drug usage, but definitely the
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recommendation was for completion of the intensive outpatient treatment program which
you did not do.'" 52 Kan. App. 2d at 47.

In the district court's journal entry, it added that "McFeeters did not attempt to go
to treatment, he had been on probation before, he was charged with another crime, and
the probation officer did not feel he could adequately supervise McFeeters." 52 Kan.
App. 2d at 47. On appeal, this court determined that

"[t]he remarks made by the district court at McFeeters' revocation simply repeat
the type of reasoning historically relied upon by sentencing courts . . . . [The remarks] fail
to explain how members of the public would be jeopardized if McFeeters remained on
probation or how McFeeters' welfare would not be served by imposition of the
intermediate sanctions under K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(1)." 52 Kan. App. 2d at 49.

K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 22-3716(c)(9)'s mandate of particularity requires district courts to
make findings specific to individual defendants that do more than recite the defendant's
violations—courts must offer some explanation for why public or personal welfare would
not be served by continued probation.

The district court's discussion here is very similar to the rationale provided by the
district court in McFeeters and disapproved of by this court. Much of the district court's
discussion relates to Jackson's history with the court and with drug abuse rather than how
probation would affect Jackson's future welfare. When the district court directly
addressed the impact of probation on Jackson's future, it acknowledged that drug
treatment, something that could be incorporated into the terms of Jackson's probation and
would not be available in prison, would be beneficial to her. Additionally, the court
erroneously relied on Jackson's status as an absconder—an incorrect appellation as
discussed above—as evidence that she was not fit for probation.

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Since the district court failed to set forth with particularity the reasons for finding
that Jackson's welfare would not be served by an intermediate sanction, it was error to
impose her underlying sentence. Accordingly, we remand for a new dispositional hearing,
after which the district court should either impose an intermediate sanction or set forth
with particularity the reasons for revoking Jackson's probation and imposing her
underlying sentence.

Reversed and remanded with directions.