State v. Churchhill

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

Nos. 118,821
118,822

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER M. CHURCHILL,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; CHRISTOPHER M. MAGANA, judge. Opinion filed March 8,
2019. Affirmed.

Korey A. Kaul, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Lance J. Gillett, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before MALONE, P.J., HILL, J., and WALKER, S.J.

PER CURIAM: Christopher M. Churchill appeals his sentences in two consolidated
cases, claiming that his sentences are illegal. Specifically, Churchill argues that the
district court erred by including a juvenile adjudication in his criminal history, claiming
that it had decayed based on the 2016 amendments to K.S.A. 21-6810. But as we will
explain in this opinion, the 2016 statutory amendments did not apply retroactively to
Churchill's two cases, so the district court did not err in imposing the sentences.

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In 16CR679, Churchill was convicted of one count of possession of
methamphetamine. The district court sentenced Churchill to 26 months' imprisonment
and granted probation for 18 months.

In 16CR1350, Churchill was convicted of one count of aggravated battery. The
district court sentenced Churchill to 29 months' imprisonment and granted probation for
24 months. The district court ordered the sentences in the two cases to run consecutively.
The district court included Churchill's 2004 juvenile adjudication of residential burglary
in calculating his criminal history score in both cases.

On November 8, 2017, the district court revoked Churchill's probation in each
case. The district court ordered Churchill to serve a modified sentence of 18 months'
imprisonment in 16CR679. The district court ordered Churchill to serve his original
sentence in 16CR1350. Churchill appealed, and the two cases have been consolidated.

Churchill now challenges his sentences in both cases, arguing that the district
court imposed illegal sentences because it miscalculated his criminal history scores. The
crux of Churchill's argument is that his 2004 juvenile adjudication of residential burglary
decayed based on the 2016 amendments to K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6810. As a result,
Churchill now asserts that his sentences are illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 22-3504.

The State contends that the 2016 statutory amendments do not apply retroactively
to decay Churchill's prior person felony adjudication of residential burglary. As a result,
the State asserts that the district court correctly included Churchill's residential burglary
adjudication in his criminal history and imposed a legal sentence in each case.

Under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3504(3), an "illegal sentence" means a sentence
"[i]mposed by a court without jurisdiction; that does not conform to the applicable
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statutory provision, either in character or punishment; or that is ambiguous with respect
to the time and manner in which it is to be served at the time it is pronounced." Whether a
sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3504(3) is a question of
law over which an appellate court has unlimited review. State v. Cotton, 306 Kan. 156,
158, 392 P.3d 116 (2017).

Churchill did not timely appeal his original sentences, and he is now claiming that
his sentences are illegal for the first time on appeal from his probation revocation. But
based on the legislative mandate that "[t]he court may correct an illegal sentence at any
time," we will consider Churchill's claim for the first time in this appeal. See K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 22-3504(1); State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, 1027, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015).

Churchill asserts that the district court should not have considered his 2004
juvenile residential burglary adjudication in his criminal history scores because it had
decayed. He argues that the district court did not comply with the 2016 amendments to
K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(3)(B) and (d)(4)(B), the provisions that direct which juvenile
adjudications can and cannot decay, when calculating his criminal history scores.

Churchill recognizes that he committed his current crimes before the 2016
legislative amendments became effective. When Churchill committed his crimes, K.S.A.
2015 Supp. 21-6810(d)(3)(B) read as follows: "There will be no decay factor applicable
for: . . . a juvenile adjudication for an offense which would constitute a person felony if
committed by an adult." Thus, if the 2015 version of K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(3)(B) applied,
the district court correctly considered Churchill's juvenile residential burglary
adjudication in calculating his criminal history scores because a residential burglary is a
person felony.

The 2016 amendment to K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(3)(B) stated: "There will be no decay
applicable for: . . . a juvenile adjudication for an offense which would constitute a
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nondrug severity level 1 through 4 person felony if committed by an adult." L. 2016, ch.
97, § 1. The 2016 amendment to K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(4)(B) stated in part: "[A] juvenile
adjudication will decay if the current crime of conviction is committed after the offender
reaches the age of 25, and the juvenile adjudication is for an offense: . . . which would be
a nondrug severity level 5 through 10 . . . felony, if committed by an adult." L. 2016, ch.
97, § 1. Churchill, who is now at least 25 years old, argues that because his juvenile
residential burglary adjudication was a severity level 7 person crime, the district court
erred by including it in his criminal history for sentencing purposes. See K.S.A. 2015
Supp. 21-5807(c)(1)(A).

Resolving Churchill's claim depends on whether the 2016 statutory amendments to
the juvenile decay rules apply retroactively to his cases. "[I]t is a fundamental rule of
sentencing that the penalty parameters for a crime are established at the time the crime
was committed." State v. Keel, 302 Kan. 560, Syl. ¶ 9, 357 P.3d 251 (2015). Usually,
statutes operate prospectively unless (1) the Legislature included clear language that it
intended the statute to operate retroactively, or (2) the Legislature has enacted a
procedural or remedial provision that does not affect the parties' substantive rights. State
v. Bernhardt, 304 Kan. 460, 479, 372 P.3d 1161 (2016).

Penalty provisions are substantive and usually apply prospectively. See State v.
Martin, 270 Kan. 603, 608-09, 17 P.3d 344 (2001). As a result, to succeed on appeal,
Churchill must establish that the Kansas Legislature included clear language that it
intended the 2016 amendments to the juvenile decay rules to operate retroactively.
Churchill argues that the Legislature included this language. To determine whether
Churchill is correct, we must review some recent Kansas caselaw and legislative history.

We begin with a Kansas Supreme Court case that has nothing to do with the
juvenile decay rules. In State v. Murdock, 299 Kan. 312, Syl. ¶ 5, 323 P.3d 846,
overruled by Keel, 302 Kan. 560, Syl. ¶ 9, our Supreme Court held that when calculating
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a defendant's criminal history that includes out-of-state convictions committed before the
enactment of the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), the out-of-state convictions
must be classified as nonperson offenses because Kansas crimes were not classified as
either person or nonperson offenses before the KSGA was enacted. The holding in
Murdock was short-lived. In Keel, the court overruled Murdock and held that "the
classification of a prior conviction or juvenile adjudication for criminal history purposes
under the KSGA must be based on the classification in effect for the comparable offense
when the current crime of conviction was committed." (Emphasis added.) Keel, 302 Kan.
560, Syl. ¶ 9.

But even before our Supreme Court filed its decision in Keel, the 2015 Kansas
Legislature had already addressed the Murdock holding by amending K.S.A. 21-
6810(d)(2) to provide: "Prior adult felony convictions for offenses that were committed
before July 1, 1993, shall be scored as a person or nonperson crime using a comparable
offense under the Kansas criminal code in effect on the date the current crime of
conviction was committed." L. 2015, ch. 5, § 1. This 2015 statutory amendment became
known as the "Murdock fix." When the Murdock fix was enacted, the Kansas Legislature
also amended the statute to provide: "The amendments made to this section by this act
are procedural in nature and shall be construed and applied retroactively." L. 2015, ch. 5,
§ 1. This retroactive provision was codified at K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6810(e).

Next, as we have already discussed, the 2016 Kansas Legislature amended the
juvenile decay rules in K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(3) and (4). See L. 2016, ch. 97, § 1. In
enacting the 2016 amendments to the juvenile decay rules, the Kansas Legislature
included no new language expressing a legislative intent that the 2016 statutory
amendments should operate retroactively. Of course, a retroactivity provision had already
been codified at K.S.A. 21-6810(e) when the Murdock fix was enacted in 2015.

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Finally, in 2017, the Kansas Legislature amended subsection (e) of K.S.A. 21-
6810 to clarify that "[t]he amendments made to this section by section 1 of chapter 5 of
the 2015 Session Laws of Kansas are procedural in nature and shall be construed and
applied retroactively." L. 2017, ch. 92, § 5. Thus, the Legislature amended subsection (e)
to clarify that the retroactivity provision applies only to the 2015 amendments to K.S.A.
21-6810 and not to the 2016 amendments to K.S.A. 21-6810.

Churchill's brief cites the retroactivity provision in K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 21-6810(e)
and recognizes that this language was first inserted into the statute as part of the
Legislature's 2015 Murdock fix. But Churchill goes on to argue that "the legislature
seems to have made a conscious decision not to limit K.S.A. 21-6810(e)'s retroactivity
provision to its Murdock fix amendments." As a result, Churchill argues that the
retroactivity language in the 2015 statutory amendments also applies to the 2016 statutory
amendments to the juvenile decay rules. Churchill's brief does not mention the 2017
amendment to K.S.A. 21-6810(e) that expressly limits the retroactivity language to the
2015 statutory amendments.

Our court has repeatedly rejected the argument Churchill makes in this appeal.
See, e.g., State v. Maples, No. 116,366, 2018 WL 1127568, at *9-11 (Kan. App.)
(unpublished opinion), rev. denied 308 Kan. 1599 (2018); State v. Anhorn, No. 116,655,
2017 WL 4848183, at *2 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied 308 Kan.
1596 (2018); Parker v. State, No. 115,267, 2017 WL 947821, at *3 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion), rev. denied 308 Kan. 1595 (2018); State v. Martinez, No. 116,175,
2017 WL 3947378, at *11-12 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion); State v. Villa, No.
115,595, 2017 WL 3207087, at *4 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied
308 Kan. 1601 (2018). In each of these decisions, this court held that when the Kansas
Legislature amended K.S.A. 21-6810 to include subsection (e) in 2015, the Legislature
did not intend for subsection (e) to apply to all later amendments under the statute. Thus,
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in each decision, this court concluded that the 2016 statutory amendments to the juvenile
decay rules in K.S.A. 21-6810(d) do not apply retroactively.

In Parker, for instance, this court explained:

"If the legislature intended the decay provisions to operate retroactively, then it
would have used more specific language. It did not do so and it is not clear that such a
broad policy change was intended. . . . [I]f we applied the 2016 amendments
retroactively, it would entitle anyone serving a sentence based on a criminal history score
that included certain juvenile adjudications to be resentenced." 2017 WL 947821, at *4.

In his brief, Churchill argues that our court has wrongly decided this issue, and he
points out that the Kansas Supreme Court granted a petition for review in the Parker and
Villa cases. But we note that after Churchill filed his brief, our Supreme Court dismissed
the petitions for review in Parker and Villa as being improvidently granted. Although we
cannot be certain why our Supreme Court dismissed the petitions for review, a likely
reason for the dismissals is the 2017 legislative amendment making it clear that the
retroactivity provision in subsection (e) of K.S.A. 21-6810 applies only to the 2015
Murdock fix and not to the 2016 statutory amendments affecting the juvenile decay rules.

This court recognized and followed the Legislature's expressed intent by its 2017
amendment to subsection (e) in K.S.A. 21-6810 in our recent decision in State v. Kauer,
No. 116,881, 2018 WL 1352565 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion), holding that

"[t]he Legislature has tried to clarify the matter. In 2017, the Legislature amended the
retroactivity provisions of K.S.A. 21-6810, limiting retroactivity only to the provision
that had been added in 2015: 'The amendments made to this section by section 1 of
chapter 5 of the 2015 Session Laws of Kansas are procedural in nature and shall be
construed and applied retroactively.' See L. 2017, ch. 92, § 5(e) (effective July 1, 2017).
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"We agree with our court's past decisions holding that the 2016 amendments
don't apply retroactively. So the law in effect at the time of Kauer's current offense
controls . . . ." 2018 WL 1352565, at *3.

We agree with the analysis in Kauer. The Kansas Legislature has clearly
expressed its intent that only the 2015 amendments to K.S.A. 21-6810 shall be applied
retroactively. As our court has consistently held, the 2016 statutory amendments to the
juvenile decay rules are substantive in nature and the Legislature has included no clear
language that it intended the 2016 amendments to the statute to operate retroactively.

To sum up, the 2016 statutory amendments to the juvenile decay rules do not
apply retroactively to Churchill's cases. As a result, the district court correctly included
Churchill's 2004 juvenile residential burglary adjudication in his criminal history scores.
Churchill's sentences are not illegal on the grounds he asserts, and the district court did
not err in imposing the sentences.

Affirmed.