State v. Bush

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 112,722

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

BENNY ROE BUSH, III,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Leavenworth District Court; GUNNAR A. SUNDBY, judge. Opinion filed October 28,
2016. Affirmed.

Corrine E. Gunning, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

Christopher R. Scott, assistant county attorney, Todd Thompson, county attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before BRUNS, P.J., POWELL, J., and STUTZMAN, S.J.

Per Curiam: Benny Roe Bush, III, appeals his conviction and sentence on five
drug related charges. On appeal, Bush contends that evidence seized as a result of a
search warrant should be suppressed because the affidavit in support of the warrant was
not sufficient to support a finding of probable cause. He also contends that the prosecutor
committed error during voir dire and during his closing argument to the jury. Finally,
Bush contends the district court should not have considered his criminal history in
calculating his sentence. Finding none of these contentions to have merit, we affirm
Bush's conviction and his sentence.
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FACTS

On April 23, 2012, Matthew Caddell confidentially informed Sergeant Mike
Wehmeyer of the Leavenworth County Sheriff's Department that Bush was in possession
of marijuana and "could get whatever quantity of marijuana was needed." Over the next 3
days, Caddell reported to Sergeant Wehmeyer two additional incidents involving Bush
allegedly selling drugs. After performing surveillance at 623 Dakota Street, officers
determined that Rachel Castle—who was Bush's girlfriend at the time—rented the house,
and officers confirmed that Bush resided there. Officers also confirmed that the Dakota
Street residence is within 1000 feet of a school.

On May 11, 2012, Sergeant Wehmeyer arranged for Caddell to perform a
controlled drug buy at 623 Dakota Street. Prior to completing the drug buy, Sergeant
Wehmeyer met with Caddell, searched him for contraband, and provided him with audio
transmission equipment. Finding no contraband on Caddell, Sergeant Wehmeyer
provided him with cash and instructed him to purchase some marijuana and/or
prescription pills from Bush.

Sergeant Wehmeyer saw Caddell enter the Dakota Street residence and listened as
the drug buy was taking place. After Caddell left the residence, he met with Sergeant
Wehmeyer and provided the sergeant with what appeared to be marijuana and
prescription pills. Caddell indicated he purchased these items from Bush. Sergeant
Wehmeyer field-tested the vegetation and it tested positive for marijuana. The Kansas
Bureau of Investigation (KBI) later confirmed this fact and identified the pills to be
hydrocodone.

On May 23, 2012, Sergeant Wehmeyer arranged for Caddell to perform a second
controlled drug buy at the Dakota Street residence. The sergeant again met with Caddell,
searched him for contraband, and provided him with audio transmission equipment.
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Likewise, Sergeant Wehmeyer again provided the informant with cash and instructed him
to purchase marijuana. As he had done previously, Sergeant Wehmeyer observed the
informant enter the Dakota Street residence and again listened to the drug buy. A short
time later, Caddell provided Sergeant Wehmeyer with a substance suspected to be
marijuana that he indicated Bush sold to him. Sergeant Wehmeyer field-tested the
substance and it tested positive for marijuana. The KBI subsequently confirmed that the
substance was indeed marijuana.

On the same day that the second controlled drug buy was completed, Sergeant
Wehmeyer filed an affidavit and application for a search warrant. The affidavit alleged
unlawful drug activity, including the distribution of drugs within 1000 feet of a school.
Moreover, Sergeant Wehmeyer described the controlled drug buys and the events leading
up to them. In addition, Sergeant Wehmeyer indicated that the confidential informant—
later identified as Caddell—who had participated in the controlled drug buys had
"assisted the Sheriff's Office by conducting ten controlled purchases of various narcotics
for several different cases."

The district court issued the search warrant, and officers executed it the following
day. During the search, law enforcement officers found Bush at the residence and
detained him while the officers conducted the search. Sergeant Wehmeyer took Bush to a
nearby police vehicle and began to interview him. Evidently, Bush volunteered that there
was marijuana in the house. After Sergeant Wehmeyer informed Bush of his Miranda
rights, Bush led officers to the marijuana he had mentioned. He also told the officers that
prescription medications found in the house belonged to his girlfriend. In addition, Bush
led officers to approximately $3,300 in cash that was hidden in various locations within
the residence. The money used in the controlled buy was not located within the residence.
The officers also seized rolling papers and ammunition from the residence but no
firearms were located in the house.

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Based on the controlled drug buys and the results of the search of the Dakota
Street residence, the State charged Bush with five counts:

 two counts of distributing marijuana within 1000 feet of school
property, in violation of K.S.A. 2011 Supp. 21-5705(a)(4), (c)(1)(A);
 one count of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute within
1000 feet of school property, in violation of K.S.A. 2011 Supp. 21-
5705(a)(4), (c)(1)(A);
 one count of distributing Hydrocodone within 1000 feet of school
property, in violation of K.S.A. 2011 Supp. 21-5705(a)(4), (c)(1)(A);
and
 one count of no drug tax stamp, in violation of K.S.A. 79-5204.

Prior to trial, Bush filed a motion to suppress evidence gathered as a result of the
search warrant. Bush claimed the warrant lacked probable cause and argued that the
information provided by the confidential informant lacked indicia of reliability. He also
argued that the affidavit in support of the warrant was unreliable because it failed to
include information about any arrangement Caddell had with Sergeant Wehmeyer nor did
it accurately disclose the informant's criminal history.

On May 28, 2014, the district court held an evidentiary hearing on the motion to
suppress. The judge—who appears to be the same judge who issued the warrant—heard
the testimony of Sergeant Wehmeyer regarding his investigation into Bush as well as his
experience working with Caddell in the past. The State also offered, and the district court
received, the affidavit in support of the search warrant and an audio recording of Bush's
statements to Wehmeyer during the search. After considering the evidence and arguments
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of counsel, the district court found that the affidavit in support of the search warrant
provided probable cause and denied the motion to suppress.

After the evidentiary hearing, but prior to trial, the State revealed Caddell's
identity to Bush. At the same time, Bush learned Caddell was the subject of a pending
criminal investigation related to the distribution of controlled substances.

At the jury trial, the State presented the testimony of Sergeant Wehmeyer, who
testified about his investigation; a KBI chemist, who testified regarding the substances
purchased during the controlled buy as well as the substances found during the search; a
county employee, who testified that the Dakota Street residence is located within 1000
feet of a school; and, a Sheriff's Department technician, who testified about the chain of
custody of the physical evidence presented in this case.

The State also called Caddell as a witness. He testified that he knew Bush on a
personal basis and that he had assisted Sergeant Wehmeyer with the two controlled drug
buys involving Bush. In addition to describing the controlled drug buys, Caddell also
testified regarding his experience with law enforcement. In addition to serving as an
informant in several cases, Caddell had previously worked as a dispatcher. Caddell
testified that his criminal history included convictions for theft and forgery. Caddell
further revealed he had pled guilty to distribution of narcotics stemming from an incident
that occurred on November 7, 2011, and that his sentencing on that case was scheduled
for the following day. He explained that he had not disclosed the November 2011 arrest
to Sergeant Wehmeyer because charges had not yet been filed at the time of the two
controlled drug buys involving Bush.

After the State rested, Bush presented the testimony of Castle, his former
girlfriend who was leasing the Dakota Street residence at the time of the two controlled
drug buys and the execution of the search warrant. She testified that some of the cash
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found in the house during the search belonged to her. Furthermore, she testified that Bush
received the remainder of the cash as proceeds from the sale of a car. In addition, she
testified that Caddell had bought a car from Bush. According to Castle, Caddell failed to
make timely payments to Bush but instead Caddell offered to provide drugs to Bush in
exchange for a car payment.

Ultimately, the jury convicted Bush on all five charges. Following the jury trial,
Bush moved for a new trial, and in the alternative, a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict. At a hearing held on August 15, 2014, the district court denied the motion. On
the same day, the district court sentenced Bush to 78 months in prison and 36 months of
postrelease supervision. Thereafter, he timely filed this appeal.

ANALYSIS

Motion to Suppress Evidence

On appeal, Bush contends that the district court erred by failing to suppress
evidence obtained during the search of the Dakota Street residence. Specifically, Bush
argues that the affidavit in support of the search warrant did not contain a substantial
basis for concluding probable cause existed. He also argues that the affidavit contained
false or misleading information. In particular, Bush suggests that Sergeant Wehmeyer
should have included information regarding Caddell's arrest in November 2011 for
distribution of a controlled substance as well as information regarding Caddell's prior
conviction for a crime of dishonesty.

When reviewing a motion to suppress evidence, we apply a bifurcated standard.
Specifically, we determine whether the factual findings underlying the district court's
decision are supported by substantial competent evidence, while the ultimate legal
conclusion drawn from those factual findings are reviewed de novo. State v. Reiss, 299
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Kan. 291, 296, 326 P.3d 367 (2014). When a defendant challenges an affidavit supporting
a search warrant, the reviewing court must determine whether the issuing magistrate had
a substantial basis for finding probable cause. State v. Adams, 294 Kan. 171, 180, 273
P.3d 718 (2012). This standard, which is inherently deferential, asks whether the affidavit
provided a substantial basis to determine that there was "'a fair probability that evidence
will be found in the place to be searched.'" 294 Kan. at 180.

Generally, courts presume an affidavit supporting a search warrant to be valid and
accurate. See Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 171, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667
(1978). For that reason, the subject of the search warrant usually cannot dispute the facts
contained within that affidavit. See Adams, 294 Kan. at 179. However, a limited
exception exists when the subject alleges that the affidavit contains either intentional lies,
untrue statements demonstrating a reckless disregard for the truth, or material omissions.
Franks, 438 U.S. at 171; Adams, 294 Kan. at 179.

"Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake" are an insufficient basis on which
to find a search warrant to be unreliable. Franks, 438 U.S. at 171. Additionally, in the
case of omissions from an affidavit, the missing information must be of a nature to render
it unreliable. Nevertheless, if probable cause still exists after striking any false
information from the affidavit or inserting any language omitted from the affidavit, the
search warrant will remain valid. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 171-72; State v. Schoonover,
281 Kan. 453, 513, 133 P.3d 48 (2006).

When the information relied on for the application for a search warrant is received
from an unquestionably honest citizen, it is entitled to a presumption of reliability. See
State v. Landis, 37 Kan. App. 2d 409, 418-19, 156 P.3d 675 (2007). This presumption,
however, is inapplicable when an informant is implicated in a crime and hopes to gain
leniency by giving information to a law enforcement officer. 37 Kan. App. 2d at 419.
When an informant hopes to gain leniency, a search warrant affidavit must establish the
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informant's credibility or law enforcement officers must corroborate the information
provided by the informant. 37 Kan. App. 2d at 419.

On appeal, Bush raises two alleged omissions. First, he argues that Sergeant
Wehmeyer failed to include in the search warrant affidavit that Caddell had previously
been convicted of a crime of dishonesty. Specifically, Bush suggests that Sergeant
Wehmeyer should have disclosed in the affidavit that Caddell had previously been
convicted of forgery. Second, Bush suggests that Sergeant Wehmeyer should have
disclosed in the affidavit that Caddell had been arrested for distribution of a controlled
substance in November 2011.

To begin, we note that we find nothing in the record on appeal that shows whether
Sergeant Wehmeyer had actual knowledge of either Caddell's prior forgery conviction or
his 2011 arrest for distribution of a controlled substance. As such, alleging he deliberately
omitted this information from the affidavit is not a fair description. See Schoonover, 281
Kan. at 513 (requiring that the omission be material and deliberate). Likewise, we find
nothing in the record on appeal that shows Caddell had hoped to receive leniency
following his arrest in November 2011 for distribution of controlled substances. Even if
Caddell did hope to receive leniency following the November 2011 arrest, Sergeant
Wehmeyer corroborated the information he received from Caddell regarding Bush selling
drugs by arranging the two controlled drug buys conducted prior to seeking a search
warrant.

In particular, the record reflects that Caddell made two controlled buys from Bush
at the Dakota Street residence—the second of which was conducted on the same day that
the district court issued the search warrant. Using a typical protocol for such transactions,
Sergeant Wehmeyer searched Caddell prior to each of the drug buys and found that he
possessed no illegal drugs. He then gave Caddell buy money and watched from a distance
as the informant entered the house. In addition, Sergeant Wehmeyer wired Caddell with
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an electronic monitoring device and listened as Caddell completed the drug buys. Shortly
after each of the controlled drug buys, Caddell returned to Sergeant Wehmeyer and the
sergeant searched him again. Although he no longer had the buy money, Caddell did
return with marijuana and pills on the first occasion and with marijuana on the second
occasion.

Under the circumstances presented, we find that even if the information about
Caddell's past convictions had been included, the affidavit still was sufficient to provide a
substantial basis for the issuing magistrate to determine that there was a fair probability
that officers would find evidence of a drug crime involving Bush inside the Dakota Street
residence.

Prosecutorial Error

Bush also contends on appeal that the prosecutor committed error on two
occasions—first during voir dire and again during closing arguments. Comments made
by counsel during voir dire and closing arguments are not evidence. The Kansas Supreme
Court recently clarified the standard of review for prosecutorial error in State v. Sherman,
305 Kan ___, 378 P.3d 1060 (2016). In analyzing claims for prosecutorial error, we are to
follow a two-step process:

"These two steps can and should be simply described as error and prejudice. To
determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, the appellate court must decide
whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude afforded
prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a manner that
does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. If error is found, the
appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced the defendant's due
process rights to a fair trial. In evaluating prejudice, we simply adopt the traditional
constitutional harmlessness inquiry demanded by Chapman[v. California, 386 U.S. 18,
22, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)]. In other words, prosecutorial error is
harmless if the State can demonstrate 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the error
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complained of will not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the entire
record, i.e., where there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the
verdict.' State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ 6, 256 P.3d 801 (2011), cert. denied 132 S.
Ct. 1594 (2012). We continue to acknowledge that the statutory harmlessness test also
applies to prosecutorial error, but when 'analyzing both constitutional and
nonconstitutional error, an appellate court need only address the higher standard of
constitutional error.' State v. Sprague, 303 Kan. 418, 430, 362 P.3d 828 (2015)."
Sherman, 378 P. 3d at 1075.

1. Voir Dire

Bush complains of the following exchange involving the prosecutor and potential
jurors during voir dire:

"[PROSECUTOR]: Raise your hand if you've heard of reasonable doubt. Those
of you who have served on a criminal jury before have probably heard the term
reasonable doubt. And what does it mean? I can't tell you that. That's for you to decide.
You have to decide what a reasonable doubt is.

"It doesn't necessarily mean beyond all doubt, but often people hear it beyond a
reasonable doubt. Again, you'll hear the evidence in this case, and you have to decide, Is
there a reasonable doubt? In my mind, is there a reasonable doubt on this case? There
might be a doubt, but I don't think it's reasonable. If there's a reasonable doubt as to any
element in the case, you must acquit on that particular charge, but that's for you to decide
what's reasonable.

"We give another example of, you know, what's possible versus what's reasonable. I
mean, you know, I could go out to the golf course today, and it's me, and I would say
Tiger Woods, but—you know, he's hurt right now. But does anybody here play golf?
Nobody? Okay.

"Juror 16. All right. So Martin Kaymer won the U.S. Open[,] right? I mean, just blew out
the field, you know, last weekend, the whole time.
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"PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 16: Boring U.S. Open.

"[PROSECUTOR]: Yes. Boring U.S. Open. So I could go out and play Martin
Kaymer today. The odds may be, you know, one in a billion that I'd beat him, but, you
know, it's possible I could beat him in 18 holes. Is that reasonable to think that I'm going
to step up and beat Martin Kaymer in 18 holes of golf?

"PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 16: No.

"[PROSECUTOR]: It's possible. Is it reasonable to think that you're going to
step up and beat him?

"PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 16: No.

"[PROSECUTOR]: Anything is possible, but is it reasonable to think that?

"PROSPECTIVE JUROR NO. 16: Anything is possible; but in that situation, no.

"[PROSECUTOR]: That's an example we use. And that's what you have to think
is, [a]nything's possible, but what you have to decide is, is something reasonable? Is that
a reasonable doubt in this case?"

Kansas courts have long held that no definition or explanation can make any
clearer what is meant by the phrase "reasonable doubt" than which is imparted by the
words themselves. State v. Wilson, 281 Kan. 277, 287, 130 P.3d 48 (2006) (quoting State
v. Bridges, 29 Kan. 138, 141 [1883]). Unfortunately, "'[E]fforts to define reasonable
doubt . . . usually lead to a hopeless thicket of redundant phrases and legalese, which
tends to obfuscate rather than assist the jury in the discharge of its duty.'" State v. Walker,
276 Kan. 939, 956, 80 P.3d 1132 (2003) (quoting State v. Acree, 22 Kan. App. 2d 350,
356, 916 P.2d 61 [1996]). Accordingly, appellate courts have discouraged prosecutors
from using analogies when discussing the burden of proof in a criminal case. State v.
Magallanez, 290 Kan. 906, 914, 235 P.3d 460 (2010).
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Using analogies to assist a jury in understanding reasonable doubt does not
necessarily constitute prosecutorial error. State v. Stevenson, 297 Kan. 49, 298 P.3d 303
(2013). In Stevenson, the prosecutor began the discussion of reasonable doubt by saying
that neither the court nor the attorneys would define the concept. The prosecutor used a
sign that spelled out "Wheel of Fortune" with one letter missing to try to explain
reasonable doubt, by demonstrating how the sign clearly spelled a recognizable phrase
even with some gaps. The Kansas Supreme Court found that although it discouraged the
use of the "Wheel of Fortune" analogy, it was not a misstatement of the law nor did it fall
outside the wide latitude afforded to prosecutors. Stevenson, 297 Kan. at 54-55.

Here, the prosecutor emphasized before his analogy he could not define reasonable
doubt for the jury. He then went on to state that the jury could have doubt and still
convict someone if the doubt was not reasonable. Next, he proceeded to his analogy on
whether it would be reasonable to think a weekend golfer like himself would beat a
professional golfer at golf. Although it may be possible, he pointed out that it would not
necessarily be reasonable for him to do so.

Similar to the "Wheel of Fortune" analogy in Stevenson, we do not find that the
prosecutor's golf analogy is a misstatement of the law nor do we find that it falls outside
the wide latitude afforded to prosecutors. Moreover, even if we assume the analogy was a
misstatement of the law and the prosecutor exceeded the wide latitude allowed, we find
Bush suffered no prejudice as a result.

The prosecutor was attempting to show by use of the golf analogy that the State's
burden was to prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt—not all doubt. The
State used the analogy only during the voir dire stage of the proceedings and did not
repeat it. In addition, we note that the district court appropriately instructed the jury prior
to deliberations regarding the State's burden of proof as well as the fact that the
statements of counsel are not evidence. Thus, we conclude that there was no reasonable
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possibility that the analogy contributed to the verdict or affected Bush's right to a fair
trial.

We do not endorse, however, the prosecutor's golf analogy and would discourage
its use. In fact, we note that another panel of this court discouraged the use of this
analogy in State v. Peters, No. 111,432, 2015 WL 5036711, at *3 (Kan. App. 2015)
(unpublished opinion). In fairness, we note that the Peters case was decided after the trial
of this case.

2. Closing Arguments

Bush also contends that the prosecutor committed prosecutorial error during
closing argument. Specifically, Bush suggests that it was improper for the prosecutor to
argue to the jury that it should consider the totality of the investigation—including the
two controlled drug buys—in determining whether Bush intended to distribute the
marijuana seized during the execution of the search warrant. He argues that the controlled
drug buys constituted past conduct and, as such, the jury should not have considered
them. Again, we will apply the two-step analysis set forth in Sherman, 378 P.3d at 1075.

Here, the distribution and possession with intent to distribute charges were related
transactions. In fact, the warrant used to obtain the marijuana, cash, and other items found
during the search was issued on the same day as the second controlled drug buy. In State
v. Cromwell, 253 Kan. 495, 509, 856 P.2d 1299 (1993), the defendant was charged with
two counts of first-degree murder. The district court allowed the State at trial to use
evidence of one count to as evidence of identity on the other count and vice-versa. 253
Kan. at 508-509. On appeal, the Kansas Supreme Court found that an instruction
directing the jury to only consider the evidence for the purposes of identity was
unnecessary, as the evidence was independently admissible. 253 Kan. at 509.
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Furthermore, the court found the instruction—which told the jury to consider each crime
separately—was sufficient to guide the jury. 253 Kan. at 510.

As in Cromwell, the distribution and possession charges in the present case were
tried at the same time, and the distribution evidence was independently admissible.
Furthermore, like Cromwell, the district court in this case appropriately instructed the
jury to consider each count separately. We find that this instruction was sufficient to
guide the jury in this case. Thus, we conclude that the prosecutor did not commit error
during his closing argument.

Even if we did find error, we do not find that Bush suffered prejudice in this case.
As the Kansas Supreme Court recently noted, prosecutorial error is harmless "'where
there is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the verdict.'" Sherman, 378
P.3d at 1075 (quoting State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ 6, 256 P.3d 801 (2011), cert.
denied 132 S. Ct. 1594 [2012]. As the State points out, even if the jury did not consider
the two controlled drug buys for the purposes of the possession with intent to distribute
the marijuana found during the execution of the search warrant, there was still
overwhelming evidence presented at trial in support of this charge. During the search,
Bush voluntarily told Sergeant Wehmeyer that there was marijuana in the house and, in
fact, officers located 36.2 grams of marijuana in a refrigerator. This is where Caddell told
Sergeant Wehmeyer that the marijuana he purchased from Bush came from during one of
the controlled drug buys. In addition, law enforcement officers found $3,300 in cash
hidden in various places throughout the house. Moreover, there were covers on the
windows of the house and ammunition was found in the laundry room.

As indicated above, the district court properly instructed the jury to consider each
count separately. Furthermore, we presume that the jury followed the instructions given
by the district court. See State v. Mitchell, 294 Kan. 469, 482, 275 P.3d 905 (2012). Thus,
based on the other evidence presented at trial as well as the instructions given to the jury,
15

we conclude that there was no reasonable possibility that the alleged prosecutorial error
during closing arguments contributed to the verdict or affected Bush's right to a fair trial.

Criminal History

Finally, Bush asserts that the use of his prior criminal history to calculate his
sentence without first proving it beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury violated his
constitutional rights under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S., 120 S. Ct. 2348, 149 L. Ed.
2d 435 (2000). But the Kansas Supreme Court has clearly decided this issue contrary to
his argument in State v. Ivory, 273 Kan. 44, 41 P.3d 781 (2002). This court is duty bound
to follow Kansas Supreme Court precedent unless there is some indication the court is
departing from its previous position, and our Supreme Court has consistently followed
Ivory. See State v. Hall, 298 Kan. 978, 983, 319 P.3d 506 (2014); State v. Baker, 297
Kan. 482, 485, 301 P.3d 706 (2013). Thus, we conclude the district court did not err
when it used Bush's criminal history to calculate his sentence.

Affirmed.