Morningstar v. State

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 116,857

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

GARY LEE MORNINGSTAR, JR.,
Appellant,

v.

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sumner District Court; R. SCOTT MCQUIN, judge. Opinion filed January 5, 2018.
Affirmed.

S. Brady Short, of Short Law, of Winfield, for appellant.

Mathew W. Mullen, special prosecutor, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.

Before BRUNS, P.J., SCHROEDER, J., and HEBERT, S.J.

PER CURIAM: Gary L. Morningstar appeals from the order of the district court
dismissing his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. We find no error and affirm the dismissal.

Factual and Procedural Background

In 2007, Gary Morningstar was convicted by a jury of one count of rape of a child
under the age of 14, one count of aggravated battery, one count of abuse of a child, and
one count of aggravated endangerment of a child. The facts of the case are well-known to
the parties and need not be reiterated here.
2

Morningstar was sentenced to life imprisonment with no possibility of parole for
25 years and to lifetime postrelease supervision on the rape conviction and to concurrent
sentences on the remaining charges. In August 2009, the Kansas Supreme Court affirmed
the convictions but remanded the rape conviction for resentencing because the State had
failed to present evidence of Morningstar's age at the time the crime was committed.
State v. Morningstar, 289 Kan. 488, 494-95, 213 P.3d 1045 (2009) (Morningstar I).

In October 2009, the district court conducted a hearing and resentenced
Morningstar to a term of 186 months' imprisonment for the rape conviction and imposed
a consecutive term of 43 months' imprisonment for the aggravated battery, for a
controlling term of 229 months' imprisonment. The district court reimposed the lifetime
postrelease supervision. The other two sentences remained unchanged to run
concurrently.

Morningstar appealed from the new sentencing, challenging whether the district
court on remand could order the aggravated battery sentence, which had originally been
imposed concurrently, to now run consecutive to the new rape sentence. The Kansas
Supreme Court, in a 5-2 decision, affirmed the district court's order for the rape and
aggravated battery sentences to run consecutively. State v. Morningstar, 299 Kan. 1236,
1246, 329 P.3d 1093 (2014) (Morningstar II).

On October 26, 2015, Morningstar filed a motion pursuant to K.S.A. 60-1507 in
the district court. He set out three basic grounds: (1) that lifetime postrelease supervision
constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution and under § 9 of the Kansas Constitution
Bill of Rights—he requested that his postrelease supervision be reduced to 36 months; (2)
that his right to equal protection of the laws was violated because he was unable to
petition for early discharge from postrelease supervision as were other "similarly situated
persons"—he requested to be allowed to so petition; (3) that he received ineffective
3

assistance of counsel at his resentencing hearing and on his direct appeal therefrom—he
requested a period of 21 days to file a motion for rehearing of the Kansas Supreme Court
decision in Morningstar II.

The district court appointed counsel for Morningstar and on April 18, 2016, issued
a pretrial order in anticipation of an evidentiary hearing on the K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.
The order was submitted by Morningstar's attorney, approved by the State, and listed four
issues to be addressed at the hearing, which essentially corresponded to the issues raised
by Morningstar's motion:

"A. Whether or not [Morningstar's] counsel for the resentencing hearing held on
October 29, 2009 was ineffective to the extent his performance fell below a reasonably
objective standard and, but for counsel's errors, there is a reasonable possibility there
would have been a different outcome in the proceedings.
"B. Whether or not the [Morningstar's] counsel was ineffective to the extent that
her performance fell below a reasonably objective standard and, but for counsel's errors,
there is a reasonable possibility there would have been a different outcome in the
proceedings.
"C. Whether or not [Morningstar's] Eighth Amendment protection from cruel and
unusual punishment was violated when he was sentenced to a lifetime postrelease term.
"D. Whether or not [Morningstar] was denied his right to the Equal Protection of
the Laws under the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution since the
mandates of K.S.A. 2006 Supp. 22[-]3717(d)(1)(D)(vi) do not apply uniformly to all
similarly situated persons convicted of Severity Level 1 person Felonies."

The evidentiary hearing was scheduled for May 31, 2016. However, on May 27,
2016, the district court issued an order granting Morningstar's oral motion to waive his
evidentiary hearing and to rescind the subpoenas which had been issued to attorney
Kerwin Spencer, who had represented Morningstar at the resentencing hearing, and to
attorney Elaine Esparza, who had represented Morningstar on the second appeal.
4

Morningstar requested the district court proceed to make findings of fact and conclusions
of law based on the filings and court records.

On June 29, 2016, the district court issued a written order denying Morningstar
relief under K.S.A. 60-1507, ultimately finding the motion "lacks merit as to each of the
allegations made therein." Morningstar filed a timely pro se notice of appeal and his
attorney also filed a timely notice of appeal as to all adverse rulings, findings of fact, and
conclusions of law.

Initial Procedural Considerations

We note initially that Morningstar's claims on appeal implicate several potential
procedural hurdles.

First of all, it appears from the record on appeal that the Kansas Supreme Court
decision in Morningstar II was issued on July 18, 2014, and the mandate issued on
August 11, 2014. Morningstar filed his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion on October 26, 2015,
some 14 and one-half months after the mandate had concluded appellate jurisdiction. He
does not set forth in writing, either in his motion or in his appellate brief, any factual or
legal basis for a finding of manifest injustice supporting an extension of the one-year
statute of limitations set forth in Kansas Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(4) (2017 Kan. S. Ct.
R. 222). Further Morningstar does not specifically claim the right to be released from
wrongful custody. See Kansas Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(1).

However, the State did not raise the timeliness issue either in district court or in
response to this appeal. Generally, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, this court
does not consider issues not raised by the parties. State v. Laborde, 303 Kan. 1, 7, 360
P.3d 1080 (2015). Rather than requesting additional briefing on the question of timeliness
or exceptional circumstances, we will proceed to consider the issues on appeal.
5

Next, we point out that several of the issues raised in this appeal concern matters
which could or should have been raised on either or both of Morningstar's prior direct
appeals, but were not. Kansas Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3) provides:

"A proceeding under K.S.A. 60-1507 ordinarily may not be used as a substitute
for direct appeal involving mere trial errors or as a substitute for a second appeal. Mere
trial errors must be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors affecting constitutional
rights may be raised even though the error could have been raised on appeal, provided
exceptional circumstances excuse the failure to appeal." 2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 223.

Finally, it appears that several of the issues raised herein were not raised in the
district court. The well-established general rule is that issues not raised below are not to
be considered for the first time on appeal unless the party affirmatively asserts and
explains why an exception to the rule applies. Kansas Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5)
(2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 34); see State v. Godfrey, 301 Kan. 1041, 1043-44, 350 P.3d 1068
(2015); State v. Williams, 298 Kan. 1075, 1085, 319 P.3d 528 (2014).

Standard of Review

An appellate court reviews the district court's findings of fact to determine whether
they are supported by substantial competent evidence and are sufficient to support the
court's conclusions of law. Appellate review of the district court's ultimate conclusions of
law is de novo. State v. Adams, 297 Kan. 665, 669, 304 P.3d 311 (2012).

Lifetime postrelease supervision is not unconstitutional.

Morningstar raises claims contending that the imposition of lifetime postrelease
supervision is a violation of his right against cruel and unusual punishment under § 9 of
the Kansas Constitution Bill of Rights and the Eighth Amendment to the United States
Constitution.
6

Morningstar submits no explanation why these sentencing issues were not raised
in either of his direct appeals. In Morningstar I, his convictions were affirmed without
mention or consideration of any constitutional issues involving lifetime postrelease
supervision. Similarly, in Morningstar II, the only issue presented was whether the
sentences could be imposed consecutively upon resentencing. Morningstar does not
address any exceptional circumstances which would excuse his failure to appeal. He
appears to run afoul of the prohibition against using a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion as a
substitute for a second appeal.

In any event, the district court made findings of fact and reached conclusions of
law on these issues, noting the particularly abhorrent nature of the sexual crime for which
Morningstar had been convicted. The district court correctly observed that the issues
presented by Morningstar have been clearly and definitively addressed by the Kansas
Supreme Court in State v. Cameron, 294 Kan. 884, 281 P.3d 143 (2012), and State v.
Mossman, 294 Kan. 901, 281 P.3d 153 (2012), in which the court rejected virtually
identical constitutional challenges under both § 9 and the Eighth Amendment.

Morningstar offers no new convincing or persuasive argument, and the district
court properly found that he was not entitled to relief on these claims. The Cameron and
Mossman holdings have been consistently reaffirmed in numerous subsequent cases. See
State v. Dull, 302 Kan. 32, 351 P.3d 641 (2015); State v. Funk, 301 Kan. 925, 349 P.3d
1230 (2015); State v. Seward, 296 Kan. 979, 297 P.3d 272 (2013). Absent some
indication the Supreme Court is departing from its previous position, we are duty bound
to follow these precedents. Majors v. Hillebrand, 51 Kan. App. 2d 625, 629-30, 349 P.3d
(2015), rev. denied 303 Kan. 1078 (2016); State v. Meyer, 51 Kan. App. 2d 1066, 1072,
360 P.3d 467 (2015).

Morningstar is not entitled to relief on these claims.

7

Lifetime postrelease supervision does not violate the Fourth Amendment.

Morningstar contends for the first time on appeal that his sentence to lifetime
postrelease supervision violates his Fourth Amendment right to be secure in his home and
property. This issue was not included in the district court's pretrial order.

Morningstar does not explain why this issue pertaining to his sentence was not
raised in either of his prior direct appeals. He also makes no explanation under Supreme
Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) as to why the issue should be considered for the first time on
appeal.

In any event, Morningstar argues that lifetime postrelease supervision leaves him
and his property vulnerable to unreasonable search and seizure. But he generally
acknowledges that the weight of precedent is against him and he provides no authority in
support of his position. Failure to support a point with pertinent authority or show why it
is sound despite a lack of supporting authority is akin to failing to brief an issue.
University of Kan. Hosp. Auth. v. Board of Comm'rs of Unified Gov't, 301 Kan. 993,
1001, 348 P.3d 602 (2015). Thus, although the district court did not specifically address
this issue, we find that Morningstar is not entitled to relief on this claim.

K.S.A. 22-3717(d)(1)(D)(vi) does not violate equal protection of the laws.

Morningstar contends on appeal that his right to equal protection of the laws as
guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment was violated by the inaccessibility of
petitioning for early discharge from postrelease supervision pursuant to K.S.A. 22-
3717(d)(1)(D)(vi). He claims that because he was convicted of a severity level 1 crime,
he should have been sentenced to the same term of postrelease supervision as others
convicted of severity level 1 crimes, such as second-degree murder. He contends there is
no rational basis, reason, or sensible explanation for the "significantly different
8

treatment" in allowing a second-degree murderer to petition for early release from
supervision when he, as a sexually violent offender, is without hope of being released
from supervision.

Once again, Morningstar offers no explanation as to why this issue was not raised
in either prior direct appeal. The argument involves the sentences imposed and he makes
no claim of any exceptional circumstances excusing the failure to appeal, thereby once
again running up against the prohibition against using a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion as a
substitute for a second appeal.

Interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which appellate courts have
unlimited review. State v. Collins, 303 Kan. 472, 473-74, 362 P.3d 1098 (2015).
Likewise, determining a statute's constitutionality is a question of law subject to
unlimited review. The appellate courts presume statutes are constitutional and must
resolve all doubts in favor of a statute's validity. Courts must interpret a statute in a way
that makes it constitutional if there is any reasonable construction that would maintain the
Legislature's apparent intent. State v. Petersen-Beard, 304 Kan. 192, 194, 377 P.3d 1127,
cert. denied 137 S. Ct. 226 (2016).

The argument raised by Morningstar is virtually identical to the proportionality
analysis rejected by the Supreme Court in Mossman and Cameron. Although Mossman's
argument was not specifically framed in terms of the Fourteenth Amendment, both
arguments suggested that the classification of a crime should be based on the guideline
severity level rather than on the nature of the offense.

In finding Morningstar's equal protection argument to be unpersuasive, the district
court addressed the difference between second-degree murder and sex offenses which
provide a rational basis for the imposition of lifetime postrelease, consistent with the
Supreme Court's rationale in Mossman, 294 Kan. at 909-13. As noted above, since the
9

Supreme Court has not indicated that it is departing from its previous position, we are
duty bound to follow the precedent. Morningstar has not shown that he is entitled to relief
on this claim.

Assistance of Counsel at the Resentencing Hearing.

Morningstar contends that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance during his
resentencing hearing.

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant must
establish (1) that the performance of defense counsel was deficient under the totality of
the circumstances, and (2) prejudice, i.e., that there is a reasonable probability the fact-
finder would have reached a different result absent the deficient performance. Sola-
Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 882, 336 P.3d 1162 (2014) (relying on Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, reh. denied 467 U.S.
1267 [1984]).

Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance in a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is highly deferential and requires consideration of all the evidence before the
judge or jury. The reviewing court must strongly presume that counsel's conduct fell
within the broad range of reasonable professional assistance. State v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965,
970, 318 P.3d 987 (2014). To establish prejudice, the defendant must show a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different, with a reasonable probability, meaning a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome. State v. Sprague, 303 Kan. 418, 426, 362 P.3d
828 (2015).

Pursuant to Morningstar's waiver of a full evidentiary hearing on his K.S.A. 60-
1507 motion, the district court reviewed the case files and rendered findings of fact to
10

support its conclusion that attorney Spencer provided effective assistance at
Morningstar's resentencing.

Morningstar contends that Spencer was ineffective because he did not call to the
stand an expert witness who had previously been retained by Morningstar's first attorney.
He argues that the evaluation conducted by the expert could have been used to support a
mitigated sentence. The district court, however, noted Morningstar's attorney at the
original sentence had also not presented evidence from the expert:

"Morningstar's original attorney, Michael Brown, obtained court authorization to employ
Dr. Nystrom prior to Morningstar's original sentencing, yet Brown made no mention of
Dr. Nystrom's evaluation of the defendant in his Motion for a Downward Durational
And/or [sic] Dispositional Departure Sentence, strongly suggesting that Dr. Nystrom's
evaluation would not have been helpful to Mr. Morningstar."

Because Morningstar chose to waive his hearing and rescinded the subpoena for
Spencer's testimony, we cannot know or speculate on Spencer's reasons for not calling
the expert as a witness. We are left with the implication the evidence would not have
been helpful and Spencer's strategic decision falls under the broad range of reasonable
professional assistance. It is significant to note that Morningstar fails to argue there was
even a reasonable probability that, but for Spencer's failure to call the expert witness, he
would have avoided the statutory lifetime postrelease.

Morningstar further alleges that Spencer was ineffective for failing to object
during the victim impact statement made by the infant victim's mother. However, as the
district court correctly noted, the victim of a crime, through an appropriate family
member, has a constitutional and statutory right to make a statement at sentencing. See
Kan. Const. art. 15, § 15 (2016 Supp.); K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 22-3424(e)(3). Morningstar
further claims Spencer was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor's statement
that the victim was vulnerable due to her age. But the State has a responsibility to argue
11

the circumstances of the crime and the fact that Morningstar committed a reprehensible
crime against a six-month-old child is certainly relevant at sentencing.

The failure of counsel to object when there is no legal or factual basis for the
objection is not ineffective assistance; indeed, the proper exercise of professional
responsibility dictates that counsel refrain from making such unfounded objections.

Finally, Morningstar complains that Spencer failed to argue that lifetime
postrelease supervision violates the Eighth Amendment. But, as we have determined
above that Morningstar's Eighth Amendment claim is without merit, Spencer's failure to
raise the issue does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.

Since Morningstar did not designate the transcript of the resentencing hearing on
the record of appeal, we are unable to make a de novo review of that proceeding. The
district court's findings and conclusions, based on its review of the files and pleadings,
recite substantial competent evidence and sound legal conclusions which demonstrate
that Spencer's conduct fell well within the broad range of reasonable professional
assistance. Morningstar has not met his burden to prove otherwise.

Assistance of Appellate Counsel

Morningstar also contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel from
attorney Esparza because she did not file a timely motion for rehearing with the Kansas
Supreme Court following the decision in Morningstar II. Evaluation of the assistance of
appellate counsel generally follows the parameters discussed above regarding assistance
of trial counsel.

12

Morningstar claims that because the decision in Morningstar II was a 5-2 decision,
he wanted Esparza to file a motion for rehearing. It is uncontroverted that Esparza failed
to file such a motion.

Since Morningstar waived his hearing and rescinded the subpoena to Esparza, we
do not have the benefit of her explanation. Even if we assume, solely for the sake of
argument, that such failure constitutes deficient performance, Morningstar simply fails to
meet his burden to demonstrate how he was prejudiced by such failure. His proposed
motion would have only raised issues which the dissenting justices had already raised and
which the majority had already rejected. We are not persuaded that there was a
reasonable possibility that the discretionary motion for rehearing would have been
granted and even less possibility that the decision would be reversed.

Morningstar also contends that he also requested Esparza to file a petition for writ
of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court. However, the record on appeal fails to
document when and how such request was conveyed and whether Esparza actually
received such a request. Regardless, the district court accurately concluded that
Morningstar's allegation failed as a matter of law since there is no statutory or
constitutional right to counsel in order to pursue discretionary applications for review by
the United States Supreme Court.

Kansas Supreme Court Rule 183(j)

For the first time on appeal, Morningstar contends the district court did not "fully
comply" with Kansas Supreme Court Rule 183(j), which requires the district court to
make findings of fact and conclusions of law after a preliminary or full evidentiary
hearing on all issues presented in a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. This is a question of law over
which we exercise unlimited jurisdiction. See Gillespie v. Seymour, 250 Kan. 123, 129,
823 P.2d 782 (1991).
13

First of all, Morningstar's argument runs afoul of Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5)
and is potentially subject to dismissal. See Godfrey, 301 Kan. at 1044. Further, while
Morningstar claims to challenge the adequacy of the district court's findings of fact and
conclusions of law, he fails to articulate any deficiencies which fail to comply with Rule
183(j). A point raised incidentally in a brief and not argued therein is deemed abandoned.
Friedman v. Kansas State Bd. of Healing Arts, 296 Kan. 636, 645, 294 P.3d 287 (2013).

In any event, we find that the written findings of fact and conclusions of law filed
by the district court fully comply with both the spirit and letter of Rule 183(j). The
district court here went out of its way to accommodate Morningstar by accepting his
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion even though it appeared to be untimely, by appointing counsel,
conducting a pretrial conference to clarify the unresolved issues to be decided, and
scheduling an evidentiary hearing, which included issuance of subpoenas to
Morningstar's witnesses and an order to transport him from prison to court. When
Morningstar voluntarily waived the evidentiary hearing, the district court undertook an
apparently full and complete review of the files and records and engaged in legal research
to support its findings of fact in a detailed written order. We are at a loss to suggest any
other or further steps the district court could have taken in order to provide Morningstar
with yet another day in court.

Separation of Powers

For the first time on appeal Morningstar raises a somewhat convoluted argument
that certain statutes and administrative regulations violate the separation of powers
doctrine and are, therefore, unconstitutional. This issue was not set forth in the pretrial
order, nor was it addressed in the order denying the K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.

Although this issue pertains to the effects of his lifetime postrelease supervision,
Morningstar fails to suggest any exceptional circumstances which excuse his failure to
14

raise the issue on either of his prior direct appeals, thereby once again running afoul of
Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3). He also wholly fails to attempt any explanation of why
the issue was not raised below or why it should be considered for the first time on appeal
per Supreme Court Rule 6.02(a)(5). Pursuant to the rule announced in Godfrey, 301 Kan.
at 1044, we will not further consider this issue.

Conclusion

We find that the order of the district court denying Morningstar's K.S.A. 60-1507
motion is based on substantial evidence which supports the proper legal conclusions
reached. The judgment is, therefore, affirmed.

Affirmed.