Kuri v. Addictive Behavioral Change Health Group

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 117,589

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

CRYSTAL NICOLE KURI,
Appellant,

v.

ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL CHANGE HEALTH GROUP, et al.,
Appellees.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; TIMOTHY G. LAHEY, judge. Opinion filed December 15,
2017. Affirmed.

Crystal N. Kuri, a.k.a. Crystal N. Jones, appellant pro se.

Monte Vines, of Adams Jones Law Firm, P.A., of Wichita, for appellees.

Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., LEBEN and POWELL, JJ.

POWELL, J.: Crystal Nicole Kuri appeals the district court's grant of summary
judgment against her battery, libel, and slander claims due to the expiration of the one-
year statute of limitations contained in K.S.A. 60-514. Kuri claims the district court erred
by granting summary judgment because a 10-year statute of repose permits her claims.
Kuri also claims the district court's grant of summary judgment denied her due process by
prematurely ending discovery and denying her the right to present her case to a jury. We
find no error and affirm.

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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On January 29, 2015, the Matrix Center—a methadone clinic owned and operated
by Addictive Behavioral Change Health Group, LLC—fired Kuri from her nursing
position after she tested positive for methadone. Kuri's position involved dispensing
methadone to patients. At the time of her termination, Kuri alleged to her supervisor,
Steve Kamau, that someone must have paid him to switch the samples to make her
sample test positive. Kuri also alleged to Kamau that a coworker must have put
methadone in her drink four days earlier when the clinic provided staff with food and
drink. Kuri subsequently filed a report with the Wichita Police Department that one or
more of her coworkers poisoned her with methadone. On February 11, 2015, a police
officer interviewed Kamau at the clinic regarding Kuri's police report.

The day after Kuri was fired, written incident reports were sent to the Drug
Enforcement Agency (DEA) regarding Kuri's positive test results. Because methadone is
a controlled substance, the clinic is required to report any anomalies involved in handling
the medication. The incident reports also disclosed that Kuri had previously dispensed
incorrect amounts of methadone tablets to patients. On February 25, 2015, a DEA agent
interviewed Matrix Center staff regarding the reports. Several months later, in response to
a subpoena, Kamau sent copies of the incident reports regarding Kuri to the Kansas State
Board of Nursing.

On September 29, 2015, Kuri filed suit against the Matrix Center, Kamau, and two
other coworkers in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas. Kuri
alleged that her coworkers had poisoned her drink with methadone and had falsified
written reports regarding the incident. On February 8, 2016, the federal court dismissed
Kuri's claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals
affirmed on May 18, 2016.

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On January 18, 2017, Kuri filed her present lawsuit in Sedgwick County District
Court, alleging that her coworkers poisoned her drink with 50 milligrams of methadone
and made false written reports that resulted in her termination. In relevant part, Kuri
requested damages for the deliberate and intentional harm and retaliation caused by her
coworkers. Shortly after, the defendants filed a motion seeking a more definite statement
from Kuri on her retaliation claim. Kuri responded that "retaliation" means "to do
something in response to an action done to oneself or an associate, especially to attack or
injure someone." She stated that her coworkers retaliated against her by poisoning her
drink with methadone and filing the false incident reports because she would not let a
coworker dose patients.

On March 7, 2017, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing
that the one-year statute of limitations contained in K.S.A. 60-514 barred Kuri's claims.
Kuri timely responded. The defendants replied, arguing that because Kuri had failed to
properly controvert any of the defendants' statements of uncontroverted facts, the district
court was required to deem such facts as admitted.

On April 13, 2017, the district court held a hearing on the motion for summary
judgment at which the parties presented arguments. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
court granted the defendants' motion from the bench. The next day, the court filed its
written order, explaining that because Kuri had failed to controvert the defendants'
statements of uncontroverted facts, such facts were deemed admitted under Kansas
Supreme Court Rule 141(f)(2) (2017 Kan. S. Ct. R. 204). The court also concluded that
Kuri had presented claims for battery, libel, and slander and that such claims were barred
by the one-year statute of limitations contained in K.S.A. 60-514. Finally, the court ruled
that the six-month saving statute in K.S.A. 60-518 did not apply. It reasoned that even
though Kuri had timely filed suit in federal court, because such claims were dismissed
and because Kuri had failed to file her state court petition within one year from the events
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on which her claims were based or within six months after the dismissal by the federal
court, the saving statute did not save her claims.

Kuri timely appeals.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT
TO DEFENDANTS BASED ON THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS?

Kuri first asserts that the district court erred in granting summary judgment based
on the one-year statute of limitations period, arguing a 10-year statute of repose applies to
her claims.

"'Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law.'" Drouhard-Nordhus v. Rosenquist, 301 Kan. 618, 622, 345 P.3d 281
(2015) (quoting Stanley Bank v. Parish, 298 Kan. 755, Syl. ¶ 1, 317 P.3d 750 [2014]).

"'Where the defendant pleads a statute of limitation and moves for summary
judgment and it appears that the action is barred by the appropriate statute of limitation
and there is no genuine issue as to any material fact in connection with such statute, then
the motion should be granted.' Hartman v. Stumbo, 195 Kan. 634, Syl. ¶ 2, 408 P.2d 693
(1965)." Rockers v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 268 Kan. 110, 112, 991 P.2d 889 (1999).

Determining whether the statute of limitations period has expired requires us to engage in
statutory interpretation, which is a question over which we exercise unlimited review.
Kelly v. VinZant, 287 Kan. 509, 514-15, 197 P.3d 803 (2008). The most fundamental rule
of statutory construction is "the intent of the legislature governs if that intent can be
ascertained." State ex rel. Schmidt v. City of Wichita, 303 Kan. 650, 659, 367 P.3d 282
(2016).When a statute is plain and unambiguous, we should not speculate about the
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legislative intent behind that clear language and should refrain from reading something
into the statute that is not readily found in its words. See Ullery v. Othick, 304 Kan. 405,
409, 372 P.3d 1135 (2016).

As an initial matter, we note the district court characterized Kuri's claims as ones
for battery, slander, and libel. "'Pro se pleadings are [to be] liberally construed, giving
effect to the pleading's content rather than the labels and forms used to articulate the
[party's] arguments.'" State v. Gilbert, 299 Kan. 797, 802, 326 P.3d 1060 (2014) (quoting
State v. Kelly, 291 Kan. 563, 565, 244 P.3d 639 [2010]). Battery as a civil claim is
defined as "'the unprivileged touching or striking of one person by another, done with the
intent of bringing about either a contact or an apprehension of contact, that is harmful or
offensive.'" Baska v. Scherzer, 283 Kan. 750, 756, 156 P.3d 617 (2007); PIK Civ. 4th
127.02 (2017 Supp.). Kansas caselaw has not expressly addressed whether "poisoning"
another is a battery, but the United States Supreme Court has held that a person can
commit domestic violence battery by poisoning. See United States v. Castleman, 572
U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 1414-15, 188 L. Ed. 2d 426 (2014); see also 6A C.J.S. Assault,
§ 85 (following Castleman). Moreover, Dobbs, The Law of Torts, ch. 3 (Battery) § 31, p.
61 (2000), states that poisoning another's drink qualifies as a touching: "The plaintiff is of
course touched if she is struck by a bullet, but she is also touched if she drinks poison in
her cup by the defendant." "False defamatory words, if spoken, constitute a slander; if
written and published, a libel." State v. Osborn, 54 Kan. 473, 492, 38 P. 572 (1894)
(Horton, C.J., concurring). Neither party challenges the district court's findings on the
nature of Kuri's claims, so we assume the district court's characterization of Kuri's claims
is correct.

Given the nature of Kuri's claims, the district court ruled they were barred by the
one-year statute of limitations provided in K.S.A. 60-514(a) and (b). We agree.

K.S.A. 60-514 states in relevant part:
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"The following actions shall be brought within one year:
"(a) An action for libel or slander.
"(b) An action for assault, battery, malicious prosecution, or false imprisonment."

Moreover, K.S.A. 60-510 mandates that petitioners must file their claims within the
prescribed statute of limitations, after the cause of action accrues. A battery claim accrues
at the time of the battery. Kelly, 287 Kan. at 527. A slander or libel claim "accrues upon
publication of the defamatory statement." Stephens v. Van Arsdale, 227 Kan. 676, 693,
608 P.2d 972 (1980).

As applied to Kuri's battery claim, Kuri alleged her coworkers must have poisoned
her about four days before the drug test on January 23, 2015. Moreover, Kamau received
the positive drug test showing Kuri had methadone in her system on January 29, 2015.
The district court correctly found that Kuri's battery claim accrued before the end of
January 2015, meaning that according to K.S.A. 60-514(b), Kuri was required to bring a
claim for battery on or before the end of January 2016.

As applied to Kuri's claims for libel and slander, Kuri alleged that her coworkers
wrote false incident reports on or before January 30, 2015, and that Kamau sent the
reports to the DEA shortly thereafter. A DEA representative interviewed Matrix Center
employees on February 25, 2015. Kuri also reported to the Wichita Police Department
that a coworker poisoned her, and an officer interviewed Kamau on February 11, 2015,
based on Kuri's police report. Finally, in response to a subpoena, Kamau provided the
written incident reports to the Board of Nursing on August 24 and August 31, 2015.

Based on this timeline, the district court was correct in finding that any claim for
slander—spoken defamation to the DEA or the WPD—accrued in February 2015, that
any libel claim—written defamation—for publishing the defamatory words in the reports
to the DEA accrued in February 2015, and that any libel claim for sending a copy of the
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DEA reports to the Board of Nursing accrued in August 2015. Therefore, under K.S.A.
60-514(a), Kuri's various claims for slander and libel due to publication to the DEA and
the WPD needed to be brought no later than February 2016, while any libel claims arising
out of the reports having been sent to the Board of Nursing had to be brought no later
than August 2016.

However, Kuri did not file her petition in the district court until January 18, 2017.
While it is true that Kuri timely filed her federal court lawsuit on September 29, 2015,
that case was dismissed on February 8, 2016, and the dismissal was affirmed on appeal
on May 18, 2016. And the saving statute, K.S.A. 60-518, does not save Kuri because that
statute only protects a party whose statute of limitations period runs during the pendency
of the first lawsuit or within six months of the dismissal of the first lawsuit. If Kuri had
filed her petition in the district court on or before November 18, 2016—six months after
the dismissal of her federal case was affirmed on appeal—her claims would be timely.
See Seaboard Corporation v. Marsh Inc., 295 Kan. 384, 406, 284 P.3d 314 (2012)
("[T]he Kansas saving statute, K.S.A. 60-518, applies even if the first action was not filed
in a Kansas state court."). Based on the above accrual dates, Kuri filed her petition
beyond the one-year statute of limitations period set forth in K.S.A. 60-514, thus barring
her battery, libel, and slander claims.

This notwithstanding, Kuri makes the argument that she had time to file her claims
under a 10-year statute of repose. We think Kuri misunderstands the nature of a statute of
repose. As our court recently explained in great detail, similar to a statute of limitations,
which requires an injured party to bring suit within a certain period of time after the
party's injury, a statute of repose also serves to cut off an injured party's claim after a
certain period of time from the defendant's injurious act even if the injury itself occurred
years later and within the statute of limitations. See Doe v. Poprovak, 55 Kan. App. 2d
___, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 115,282, filed June 9, 2017), slip op. at 9-10. A statute of repose
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does not act to extend an injured party's time to file a claim but limits it and is unhelpful
to Kuri in this case.

But even if the statute of repose contained in K.S.A. 60-513(b), which applies a
10-year statute of repose to some tort claims, was somehow to act as a time extender, this
statute does not apply to battery, libel, and slander claims. Moreover, K.S.A. 60-514, the
statute which governs the limitations period for Kuri's claims, does not include a statute
of repose. Because we cannot read something into a statute that is not readily found in its
words, Ullery, 304 Kan. at 409, Kuri's claim that a 10-year statute of repose applies to her
claims is without merit.

The district court did not err in granting summary judgment because the one-year
statute of limitations in K.S.A. 60-514 bars Kuri's battery, libel, and slander claims.

DID THE DISTRICT COURT DENY KURI DUE PROCESS
IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT?

Kuri's second argument is that the district court's grant of summary judgment
denied her due process by prematurely ending discovery and denying her the opportunity
to present her case to a jury.

Constitutional procedural due process requires notice and an opportunity to be
heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Village Villa v. Kansas Health
Policy Authority, 296 Kan. 315, 331, 291 P.3d 1056 (2013) (citing Winston v. Kansas
Dept. of SRS, 274 Kan. 396, 409, 49 P.3d 1274 [2002]). But before we may decide
whether a party was provided sufficient procedural due process, we must first determine
whether a protected liberty or property interest is at stake. If a protected interest is
implicated, only then must we determine the nature and extent of the process that is due.
Village Villa, 296 Kan. at 331.
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Kuri asserts that the defendants' actions negatively impacted her property interest
in her state nursing license. But the district court's resolution of the civil suit against the
defendants does not impact Kuri's entitlement to her nursing license. Rather, a separate
action brought by the Kansas State Board of Nursing under K.S.A. 65-1113 et seq.
impacts Kuri's continued right to a state nursing license.

Admittedly, the district court's summary judgment does affect Kuri's right to
recover damages for the defendants' alleged civil harms. Though Kuri seeks damages for
her civils claims, "[r]esearch has not disclosed any case where a Kansas court has held
that a plaintiff has a protected property interest in a civil suit" against private defendants.
Howard v. Kansas Dept. of Corrections, No. 97,822, 2007 WL 2992506, at *2 (Kan.
App. 2007) (unpublished opinion). Therefore, it does not appear that a protected liberty
or property interest is at stake. Accordingly, Kuri is only entitled to such procedural due
process as is provided by rule or statute.

Kuri argues that summary judgment precluded her right to full discovery.

"'Ordinarily, a summary disposition of a pending case before the district court
should not be granted until discovery is complete. [Citation omitted.]' Montoy v. State,
275 Kan. 145, 149, 62 P.3d 228 (2003). 'However, if the facts pertinent to the material
issues are not controverted, summary judgment may be appropriate even when discovery
is unfinished. [Citation omitted.]' Med James, Inc. v. Barnes, 31 Kan. App. 2d 89, 96, 61
P.3d 68, rev. denied 275 Kan. 965 (2003). An issue of fact is genuine when it has legal
controlling force as to the controlling issue." National Restoration Co. v. Merit General
Contractors, 41 Kan. App. 2d 1010, 1031, 208 P.3d 755 (2009), rev. denied 290 Kan.
1094 (2010).

Here, Kuri did not controvert or dispute the relevant accrual dates of her battery,
libel, or slander claims. The accrual dates of each claim are material facts because each
date has legal controlling force over whether the statute of limitations expired under
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K.S.A. 60-514. Because no genuine issue of material fact exists as to the accrual dates of
her claims, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment even though
discovery had not been completed. We also note that Kuri had a procedural avenue to
contest the granting of summary judgment without discovery having been completed.
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-256(f) allows a party opposing summary judgment to submit an
affidavit or declaration to the court explaining why "it cannot present facts essential to
justify its opposition[.]" Kuri never did this.

Next, Kuri claims that the district court denied her due process by denying her a
jury trial. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 60-238(a) provides: "The right of trial by jury as declared
by section 5 of the bill of rights in the Kansas constitution, or as provided by a state
statute, is preserved to the parties inviolate." But "[t]he right to a jury trial in a civil
proceeding . . . is not absolute." Waggener v. Seever Systems, Inc., 233 Kan. 517, 520,
664 P.2d 813 (1983); Village Gardens Condominium Owners Assn. v. Leo, No. 114, 498,
2016 WL 6821955, at *4 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion). In appropriate
instances, summary judgment is proper for resolving cases when no genuine issues of
material fact exist to be resolved at trial and when the disputed facts show the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Drouhard-Nordhus, 301 Kan. at 622.
Here, Kuri does not identify any genuine issues of material fact that should have been
tried to a jury nor does she argue that the district court erred in finding that no genuine
issue of material fact exists. Therefore, Kuri's contention that the district court's grant of
summary judgment denied her due process necessarily fails.

Affirmed.