In re N.N. – Per Curiam

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 119,934

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

In the Matter of N.N.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Johnson District Court; THOMAS E. FOSTER, judge. Opinion filed December 20,
2019. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

Robb Edmonds, of Bath and Edmonds, P.A., of Overland Park, and Cheryl A. Pilate, of Morgan
Pilate LLC, of Kansas City, Missouri, for appellant/cross-appellee.

Andrew J. Jennings, assistant district attorney, and Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, for
appellee/cross-appellant.

Before BUSER, P.J., SCHROEDER and WARNER, JJ.

PER CURIAM: N.N. appeals his juvenile adjudication of one count of sexual
exploitation of a child and one count of breach of privacy. N.N. raises four issues on
appeal: (1) The district court erred in raising the independent source doctrine sua sponte
to admit derivative evidence—a video later obtained from N.N.'s iCloud account—
following an unlawful initial search of N.N.'s phone; (2) the district court erred in
denying his motion to suppress evidence on Fourth Amendment grounds; (3) the district
court should have suppressed the victim's identification of herself in the iCloud video
because the identification procedures were impermissibly suggestive; and (4) the State
failed to provide an adequate foundation to admit the video at trial. The State cross-
appealed the district court's ruling that the initial search of N.N.'s phone was unlawful on
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statutory grounds but concedes the video later obtained from N.N.'s iCloud account
should not have been admitted as the product of an independent source.

We agree with N.N. the independent source doctrine should not have been applied
to admit the video. We also agree with N.N. the initial search and seizure of the phone
were unlawful within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3216(1) because Detective Shannon
Leeper left the jurisdiction of her appointing authority—Lenexa—in violation of K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 22-2401a to investigate a crime in a foreign jurisdiction—Olathe. Thus, the
statutory suppression remedy under K.S.A. 22-3216 applies to the evidence obtained
from N.N.'s phone and all derivative evidence obtained as a result thereof. Because the
evidence discovered in the unlawful search of N.N.'s phone led the State to obtain a
warrant to search N.N.'s iCloud account, all evidence seized from the iCloud account
must be suppressed as "fruit of the poisonous tree." We affirm in part, reverse in part, and
remand with directions.

FACTS

N.N. and S.R. were students at Olathe Northwest High School (ONW). Between
November 2015 and January 2016, they engaged in a consensual sexual relationship in
the basement of the house where N.N. lived in Lenexa. After the relationship ended, one
of S.R.'s friends told her there was a rumor about a video of N.N. and S.R. having sex
circulating among ONW students. S.R. spoke to Olathe Police Officer Steve Sebasto, the
school resource officer assigned to ONW. S.R. told Sebasto she had not seen the video
and had no personal knowledge of it. Based on S.R.'s statements, Sebasto determined any
such video would have been created at N.N.'s home in Lenexa and advised S.R.'s father
that any criminal complaint would need to be filed with the Lenexa Police Department.

S.R. and her father filed a complaint with the Lenexa Police Department. Lenexa
Police Department Detective Shannon Leeper was assigned to investigate S.R.'s
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complaint. Leeper called Sebasto and informed him she would be conducting the
investigation. Leeper then went to ONW to question N.N. and search his phone. N.N. was
removed from class and brought to a conference room at ONW for questioning by
Leeper. Sebasto was present during the questioning and asked only a few questions.
Leeper told N.N. she heard there was a video of N.N. and S.R. and wanted to search his
phone. Leeper gave N.N. a consent-to-search form, which he signed. Leeper did not find
the rumored video on N.N.'s phone but found a photo of another person's bare buttocks.
N.N. explained it was a photo one of his male friends had taken of himself and sent to
N.N. Eventually, N.N. indicated he was concerned he needed to speak with a lawyer
before continuing to speak with the officers. Leeper told N.N. she was going to keep his
phone and take it to the police station in Lenexa to continue searching it.

Leeper sought a search warrant for N.N.'s phone based on her belief it contained a
photograph of an underage person's buttocks. A forensic search of the phone revealed an
additional photo appearing to be a thumbnail still frame image from a video depicting a
sexual act. Leeper contacted S.R. to identify the photo; S.R. indicated she believed she
was depicted in the photo. Leeper then sought a search warrant for N.N.'s iCloud account.
The search revealed a video of two people having sex. S.R. subsequently identified
herself and N.N. as the individuals depicted in the video. N.N. was charged in a juvenile
complaint with conduct that would have constituted the crimes of sexual exploitation of a
child and breach of privacy had the acts been committed by an adult.

Numerous pretrial motions were filed requiring several evidentiary hearings. One
of N.N.'s motions requested suppression of the evidence based on the unlawful search
and seizure of his phone. N.N. also alleged S.R.'s identification of the video required
suppression because Leeper used improper identification techniques. During the trial,
N.N. made several timely objections to the State's foundation for admitting the video.
The district court held the initial search of N.N.'s cell phone was unlawful because
Leeper violated K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a by going to ONW without a proper request
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for assistance from the Olathe Police Department. The district court suppressed all
evidence derived from the warrantless search of N.N.'s phone as well as the forensic
search of the phone based on the search warrant. However, the district court clarified its
suppression ruling did not extend to the subsequent search of N.N.'s iCloud account. It
found the video obtained from the search of the iCloud account was the product of an
independent source under the second search warrant.

The district court admitted the video into evidence at trial and allowed it to be
published to the jury over N.N.'s objections. The jury convicted N.N. of sexual
exploitation of a child and breach of privacy. N.N. filed a posttrial motion for judgment
of acquittal, which the district court denied. The district court placed N.N. on supervised
probation until his 21st birthday, which was approximately 10 1/2 months from N.N.'s
sentencing date. N.N. timely appealed. The State timely cross-appealed.

Additional facts are provided as necessary below.

ANALYSIS

K.S.A. 22-3216 requires suppression of all of the evidence seized.

N.N. argues the district court erred in admitting the video obtained from the search
of his iCloud account in spite of suppressing the evidence derived from the search of his
phone. In reviewing the district court's grant or denial of a motion to suppress evidence,
the appellate court determines whether the factual findings underlying the trial court's
suppression decision are supported by a substantial competent evidence standard. The
ultimate legal conclusions drawn from those factual findings are reviewed under a
de novo standard. Appellate courts do not reweigh the evidence or reassess the credibility
of the witnesses. State v. Patterson, 304 Kan. 272, 274, 371 P.3d 893 (2016).

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The State now concedes the district court erred in applying the independent source
doctrine as an exception to the exclusionary rule. The State concedes it would not have
sought the warrant to search the iCloud account absent the information obtained from the
search of N.N.'s phone. In its brief, the State claims its cross-appeal "disputes that Lenexa
violated K.S.A. 22-2401a," and "also argues that if this Court does find that Lenexa
violated K.S.A. 22-2401a, the current case law would not merit suppression as the
appropriate remedy." In his response brief, N.N. asserts the State's cross-appeal does not
actually address whether Leeper violated K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a. We agree with
N.N.

The evidence obtained from the search of N.N.'s phone was properly suppressed
based on the statutory suppression remedy under K.S.A. 22-3216.

N.N. filed a motion to suppress evidence "pursuant to K.S.A. 22-3216," arguing
the evidence was "obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution, Section 15 of the Kansas Constitution, and K.S.A. 22-2401a." In response,
the State argued Leeper did not violate K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a based on the
exception under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a(7). The State asserted "Leeper could
reasonably conclude she had observed a crime while she observed nudity and drug usage
on [N.N.'s] phone." At oral argument on the motion, the State asserted Sebasto "call[ed]
his sergeant to find out what to do, and he had said . . . that there was some discussion 'I
will turn it over to Lenexa.'" The State argued, "I think within that statute—that's
certainly why Lenexa got involved in that investigation. I would rest on a lot of what we
had put in our motion." Without explicitly arguing the point, the State alluded to the
exception for a request for assistance from law enforcement officers within the
jurisdiction under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a(2)(b). The district court rejected the
State's arguments, holding:

"The exceptions listed under K.S.A. 22-2401a(2), (5), or (7) did not grant Det.
Leeper the authority to exercise her police powers in Olathe. When Det. Leeper travelled
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to Olathe on April 5, 2016, and interviewed and seized property from [N.N.] and [N.N.'s
younger brother], she was not there due to a request for assistance from [the Olathe
Police Department], but to conduct her own investigation. When she did so she was
acting outside the city limits of Lenexa, she was not on property owned or operated by
Lenexa she was [not] acting on a request for assistance by [the Olathe Police
Department], she was not in fresh pursuit of a person, she was not executing a warrant,
and she had not observed a crime being committed. Therefore, Det. Leeper was acting
outside of her authority when she interviewed [N.N.] and [N.N.'s younger brother] in
Olathe and seized property from them on April 5, 2016."

The district court held Leeper's search and seizure of N.N.'s cell phone "was in
violation of K.S.A. 22-2401a because she was exercising her police powers, not acting as
[a] private citizen when she searched and seized [N.N.'s] . . . personal cell [phone]." The
district court held:

"All evidence derived from the illegal search and seizure of [N.N.'s] personal cell
phone is suppressed, including the photo and email discovered on his phone. [N.N.'s] cell
phone number and email address are not suppressed as they were commonly known
among those within the school community and there are other sources for that
information."

On cross-appeal, the State cites no recognized exception under K.S.A. 2018 Supp.
22-2401a. In its issue heading, the State asserts the district court "erred in finding the
Lenexa Police violated K.S.A. 22-2401a by going to a school in the Olathe city limits
without a request for assistance." However, the State fails to actually argue this point,
much less cite the statutory exception for a request for assistance under K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 22-2401a(2)(b). At best, the State incidentally raises but fails to argue the point in
discussing the reasons Sebasto told S.R. and her father to contact the Lenexa Police
Department. However, a point incidentally raised but not argued is deemed waived or
abandoned. State v. Lowery, 308 Kan. 1183, 1231, 427 P.3d 865 (2018). In any event, the
State fails to argue Sebasto or anyone from the Olathe Police Department requested
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assistance from Leeper or the Lenexa Police Department. Rather, the State asserts "after
he learned the crime happened in Lenexa," Sebasto "turned the investigation over to
Lenexa." But Leeper admitted Sebasto did not call to request her assistance. Sebasto's
failure to request Leeper's involvement in the investigation in Olathe becomes fatal to the
State's position. See State v. Vrabel, 301 Kan. 797, 806, 347 P.3d 201 (2015)
("'acquiescence or acceptance of assistance'" by the invaded jurisdiction does not
constitute a request for assistance from the foreign officers).

The State incidentally raises another point in its cross-appeal, arguing "the iCloud
information should have been allowed into evidence because the seizure of the phone was
not unconstitutional." Without further explanation, the State asserts this is a basis for
upholding the trial court's decision as right for the wrong reason. This argument is
flawed. The State's argument—much the same as its remaining arguments on this issue—
fails to acknowledge the statutory suppression remedy does not come from K.S.A. 2018
Supp. 22-2401a. Rather, the statutory basis for suppression arises under K.S.A. 22-
3216(1): "Prior to the trial a defendant aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure may
move for the return of property and to suppress as evidence anything so obtained."

In Vrabel, our Supreme Court explained: "[T]he statutory right to suppress
evidence is not restricted to those defendants who were aggrieved by an unconstitutional
search and seizure. Instead, the statute applies to an unlawful search and seizure . . . and
. . . the word 'unlawful' is often used in the context of a violation of state law." Vrabel,
301 Kan. at 810. In State v. Gray, 306 Kan. 1287, 1297, 403 P.3d 1220 (2017), our
Supreme Court recognized this statutory suppression remedy was broader than the
constitutional protection against unlawful searches and seizures, stating: "[T]he Kansas
Legislature has tied the suppression remedy to one consideration and one consideration
alone: Was there 'an unlawful search and seizure?' K.S.A. 22-3216(1). If so, suppression
is an appropriate remedy."

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The State's argument for upholding the district court's decision as right for the
wrong reason fails under Gray, 306 Kan. at 1297. The only argument the State briefs in
its cross-appeal is whether suppression was an appropriate remedy. However, its
argument is unpersuasive. In Gray, our Supreme Court stated: "We ultimately ruled that
Vrabel was not a search and seizure case at all, and thus there was no statutory
suppression remedy to consider." 306 Kan. at 1296. Like N.N., Vrabel argued evidence
should be suppressed under K.S.A. 22-3216 based on a violation of K.S.A. 2014 Supp.
22-2401a. Vrabel held there was no statutory suppression remedy because there had been
no search or seizure; the unlawful conduct was a controlled drug buy in Leawood by
officers from the Prairie Village Police Department. However, Vrabel stated: "[T]he
suppression of any evidence obtained during a city officer's unauthorized exercise of
police power outside the officer's employing city—other than a search or seizure—will
generally not be required." (Emphasis added.) 301 Kan. at 813-14.

Here, Leeper seized and searched N.N.'s phone. Suppression was an appropriate
remedy if there was an unlawful seizure and search. See Gray, 306 Kan. at 1297. The
district court found Leeper's search and seizure of N.N.'s phone was unlawful because she
did so in violation of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a. The State has not properly argued
Leeper's actions were lawful under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a. When Leeper
investigated the matter at ONW by questioning N.N. and searching and seizing his phone,
she was clearly outside the defined city limits of Lenexa and was therefore acting outside
the scope of her authority as a Lenexa law enforcement officer. Leeper's investigation in
Olathe was in excess of the authority granted to her to act as law enforcement officer in
Lenexa without Olathe's specific request for her help. See K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-
2401a(2)(b). Leeper's search and seizure of N.N.'s phone at ONW was unlawful;
therefore, suppression was an appropriate remedy under K.S.A. 22-3216. See Gray, 306
Kan. at 1297; Vrabel, 301 Kan. at 813-14.

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Further, as Vrabel pointed out, suppression can be an appropriate deterrent remedy
for willful and recurrent violations under the court's inherent supervisory authority even
in the absence of a search or seizure. See 301 Kan. at 814. Leeper testified it was "not
unusual at all" for her to go outside Lenexa to investigate crimes. At the suppression
hearing, Leeper was asked: "So this was a deliberate decision on your part to leave your
jurisdiction and go to Olathe; is that correct?" She responded, "Yes, that's correct." And
Leeper testified her purpose in going to ONW was to speak with N.N. and search his
phone. It appears from Leeper's testimony she gave no consideration to her limited
authority under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a to leave Lenexa and go into Olathe to
investigate a crime that allegedly occurred in Lenexa.

This testimony also likely establishes a willful and recurrent violation. However,
we do not need to go there because suppression was appropriate under K.S.A. 22-3216
based on an unlawful search and seizure. The search and seizure of N.N.'s phone was
done outside of Leeper's appointing jurisdiction. And Leeper violated the statutory
restrictions established in K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-2401a for officers to leave their
appointing jurisdiction. See Gray, 306 Kan. at 1297; Vrabel, 301 Kan. at 813-14.

The district court erred in admitting derivative evidence from the unlawful search
of N.N.'s phone.

The district court properly suppressed the evidence obtained from the search of
N.N.'s phone. The State filed a motion for clarification and reconsideration of the district
court's suppression order. The State specifically asked the district court to clarify whether
the order suppressing all evidence derived from N.N.'s phone included the evidence
subsequently obtained in the search of the iCloud account. The State explicitly indicated
"in the absence of the information obtained from the first search warrant, the State would
not have pursued the second search warrant." It characterized the second warrant as "a
piggyback warrant for additional information" based on the still photo of a possible video
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file seen in the search of the phone, which was not on the phone itself. The State
indicated it was seeking clarification on the scope of the suppression order to determine
whether it needed to file an interlocutory appeal. The State expressly told the district
court it did not "have a good faith argument that the video that was obtained via the
iCloud . . . would have been obtained unless the State searched the first cell phone."
Nevertheless, the district court found sua sponte the evidence obtained from the search of
the iCloud account was admissible as the product of an independent source.

Therefore, the evidence obtained from the search of the iCloud account was
derivative evidence found only upon the unlawful search of the phone. The State
concedes the district court erred in sua sponte applying the independent source doctrine
as an exception to the exclusionary rule. We agree. The video obtained in the search of
the iCloud account should have been suppressed as "fruit of the poisonous tree." See
Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963); see
also Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 804, 104 S. Ct. 3380, 82 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1984)
(under the exclusionary rule, a court may suppress the "primary evidence obtained as a
direct result of an illegal search or seizure" and "evidence later discovered and found to
be derivative of an illegality"). To avoid the application of the exclusionary rule based on
an independent source, the source from which the evidence is ultimately obtained must be
"wholly unconnected" to the initial illegality. Segura, 468 U.S. at 814. Here, it was not.

Although the State expressly concedes the district court erred, we also find the
district court's decision was erroneous on general legal principle. "It is error for the trial
court to raise, sua sponte, nonjurisdictional issues." Huffmier v. Hamilton, 30 Kan. App.
2d 1163, 1166, 57 P.3d 819 (2002). An exception to the exclusionary rule is not a
jurisdictional issue. Further, K.S.A. 22-3216(2) provides "the burden of proving that the
search and seizure were lawful shall be on the prosecution." Here, the district court
granted N.N.'s motion under K.S.A. 22-3216. The State conceded it failed to meet its
burden to prove the search of the iCloud account was lawful when it repeatedly told the
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district court it would not have obtained the iCloud search warrant absent the information
obtained from Leeper's initial warrantless search of N.N.'s phone and the later forensic
search of the phone under the first warrant.

For these reasons, we hold all evidence obtained from the search and seizure of
N.N.'s phone and all derivative evidence, including the iCloud video, should be
suppressed. Accordingly, we find it unnecessary to address N.N.'s remaining arguments.

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions for the district
court to grant N.N.'s motion to suppress all evidence obtained from the searches of N.N.'s
phone and iCloud account.