In re A.W.

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 120,373

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

In the Interests of A.W. and M.W.,
Minor Children.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Johnson District court; NEIL B. FOTH, judge. Opinion filed May 10, 2019. Affirmed.

Richard P. Klein, of Olathe, for appellant natural mother.

Shawn E. Minihan, assistant district attorney, and Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, for
appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., ATCHESON and SCHROEDER, JJ.

PER CURIAM: Mother appeals the district court's termination of her parental rights
to A.W., born in 2015, and M.W., born in 2013. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

In July 2015, the State filed petitions alleging that A.W. and M.W. were children
in need of care (CINC). The petitions detailed Mother's long history with law
enforcement and the Department for Children and Families (DCF). The State requested
that the district court place the children in out-of-home placements because Mother was
in jail and it was unclear when she would be released. The children had been staying for
about a month with Mother's grandparents but they were unable to care for the children
long-term. On July 7, the district court ordered DCF to take custody of A.W. and M.W.
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In spring 2016, Mother gave birth to a third child, who remained in her custody
and was not a part of these proceedings. Sometime between the July 2015 hearing and
spring 2016, Mother got out of jail. In February 2016, Mother stipulated that A.W. and
M.W. were CINC, and the district court adjudicated the children as CINC.

The district court ordered a 120-day reintegration plan for Mother and the
children, who remained in DCF custody. In July 2016, the district court found that
reintegration was still a viable goal for the family, but that the children should remain in
DCF custody. It extended the reintegration period by 90 days.

In May 2017, Mother stipulated that she had failed to complete the reintegration
plan within the prescribed time and that she was unfit. One of the concerns cited about
Mother's continuing unfitness was her contact and relationships with dangerous men. The
State noted Mother had relationships with two men who had long criminal histories: One
had a history of child endangerment, Andrew Prattis, and the other had a history of
domestic violence. The district court accepted the stipulation, ordered Mother to have no
contact with these two men, and extended Mother's reintegration plan again for another
90 days.

Following that stipulation and extension, KVC updated the reintegration plan to
require that Mother:

 Obtain and maintain safe, stable, drug-free housing suitable for her and the
children, and notify KVC of any change of residence.
 Allow KVC to complete walkthroughs, including unannounced walkthroughs, of
the home.
 Notify KVC before permitting any other person to participate in her visitation with
the children, so that KVC may run background checks on those individuals.
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 Obtain and maintain stable employment to support herself and the children, and
notify KVC of any employment changes.
 Work with Project Eagle to learn parenting skills.
 Complete a psychological evaluation and follow all recommendations and provide
necessary releases to let KVC know of Mother's progress.
 Complete a second drug and alcohol assessment and submit to random UAs.
 Participate in visitation as considered appropriate by KVC.

In October 2017, the State moved to terminate Mother's parental rights to A.W.
and M.W. In January 2018, the district court held a trial on the State's motion. We
summarize that testimony below.

Sarah Ahmad was the State's first witness. Ahmad worked for KVC as a
therapeutic case manager and served Mother, A.W., and M.W. from October 2016
through the time of trial. Ahmad addressed Mother's progress on the updated case plan
tasks.

Ahmad testified that Mother secured housing and provided a copy of the lease to
KVC, but that lease expired on December 6, 2017, and that Mother had not told KVC
where she lived after the lease expired. Ahmad believed that Mother was living with her
grandparents. According to Ahmad, the grandparents' house was not an appropriate
placement because an uncle who also resided there had failed to pass an earlier KVC
background check. Mother had failed to provide KVC with proof of employment since
October 2017.

Ahmad also testified that Mother failed to make progress with respect to her drug
and alcohol use. Mother's drug and alcohol use, and criminal charges resulting from that
use, were some of the primary reasons for the original CINC adjudication. Mother's
failure to provide clean UAs contributed to her stipulated unfitness at the May 2017
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hearing. Mother did not resolve this problem between the May 2017 hearing and the trial.
She failed to appear for scheduled UAs on July 15, July 27, August 30, November 4,
December 27, January 6, 2018, and January 22. Missed UAs were presumed positive. In
October 2017, Mother tested positive for cocaine. In November 2017, she tested positive
for marijuana. Although the updated case plan required Mother to undergo a second drug
and alcohol assessment, Mother failed to do so. The plan also required Mother to
participate in AA meetings; Mother provided KVC proof of attendance up until
September 2017, but then stopped.

Mother's continued drug and alcohol use led to several criminal consequences. In
October 2017, Mother was convicted of possession of marijuana. In December 2017,
Mother was stopped and ticketed for DUI and marijuana possession. As a result, the State
moved to revoke Mother's probation in case 15 CR 1299 where she was on probation for
identity theft. At the time of the hearing in this case, Mother had outstanding arrest and
bench warrants.

Next, Ahmad addressed visitation. After the May 2017 hearing, KVC at first
permitted Mother to have only supervised visits with A.W. and M.W. because she had
brought Andrew Prattis to visitation. Between May 2017 and September 2017, Mother
moved from supervised visits to monitored visits, then to unsupervised full-day visits.

In September 2017, however, the children's foster family reported that the children
returned from a visit "unkempt without shoes." A.W. returned without either underwear
or a pull-up, and M.W. returned with unexplained bruises. KVC also learned that Father
had unauthorized contact with the children during a visit and that Mother was not truthful
about her continuing contact with Prattis. Mother had told KVC that she had no contact
with Prattis after May 2017, but KVC found out that Mother had filed a request for a
protection from abuse (PFA) order against Prattis in July 2017. No PFA was issued
because Mother failed to appear for a hearing. Prattis was criminally convicted for the
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incident that led to Mother's request for a PFA. As a result, in November 2017, KVC
reduced Mother's visitation and she was permitted only once-weekly, supervised two-
hour visits at KVC's office.

Ahmad testified that Mother failed to successfully complete the reintegration plan.
She cited concerns about Mother's drug and alcohol use, housing stability, and ongoing
association with dangerous men. She thought these were the same concerns that
prompted Mother to stipulate to unfitness back in May 2017. She believed it was in A.W.
and M.W.'s best interests to terminate Mother's parental rights and give the children a
sense of permanency. By the time of trial, A.W., age two, and M.W., age four, had been
in State custody for more than half of their lives.

Ashley Voyles Sissel, a KVC therapist, testified as well. She served as M.W.'s
therapist at several points between March 2016 and the trial. She testified that M.W. had
sleep disturbances, aggression issues, and problems with anxiety. She found that many of
these issues were attributable to a lack of stability and permanency in M.W.'s life. Sissel
testified that stability would "go a long way towards" helping M.W. with his behavioral
issues.

Mother testified on her own behalf. She testified that her uncle, whose presence at
her grandparents' home was an issue, no longer lived at the home. She had resigned her
job several months before but had found a new job and was currently employed. She had
attended every scheduled family therapy visit and had told KVC about her change in
address in November 2017.

Mother testified that she never used cocaine, but that she had done drugs in her
past and did use marijuana. Although she "drank before," she had "been sober throughout
this whole time." She believed the positive UA results had been falsified.

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Mother also testified that she did not intentionally include Father in her visits with
the children, as the State alleged. Instead, during one visit, she had taken the children to a
restaurant and Father, who worked nearby, happened to be there with coworkers.

The State cross-examined Mother about the July 2017 incident that led to her
request for a PFA. She said that Prattis just showed up at her grandparents' home one day
while she was there, and that she called the police because she did not want him around
her home or her family. When shown a signed, written statement that she had given to the
police, she admitted the signature was hers. But she testified that the handwriting on the
statement was not hers and that the facts in the statement were not true. She said she
pursued a PFA "[t]o establish that [she] was taking the right precautions … towards
keeping [her] children and [her] home and [her] family safe." She said she was unaware
that the PFA had been dropped, and that she thought she had attended every necessary
hearing.

Mother's boyfriend also testified on her behalf. He said KVC had cleared him to
participate in Mother's visits with her children, and that her conduct during visits was
always appropriate. Neither he nor Mother used drugs. On cross-examination, however,
he admitted that he was in the car with Mother when she was pulled over for the DUI in
December 2017. He admitted that he was smoking weed in the car but said Mother was
not. He admitted that he did not know that police had found marijuana in the driver's side
door of the car during the stop.

The district court found that Mother's unfitness had not changed since May 2017,
when Mother had stipulated she was unfit and was unlikely to change in the foreseeable
future. The district court found that Mother was unfit based on the following statutory
factors:

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 K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(b)(7): failure of reasonable efforts made by
appropriate public or private agencies to rehabilitate the family;

 K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(b)(8): lack of effort on the part of the parent to adjust
the parent's circumstances, conduct or conditions to meet the needs of the
child[ren];

 K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(c)(2): failure to maintain regular visitation, contact or
communication with the child[ren] or with the custodian of the child[ren];

 K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(c)(3): failure to carry out a reasonable plan approved
by the court directed toward the integration of the child into a parental home.

The district court noted that Mother has "an emotional illness and an inability to
escape abusive relationships." It found that Mother's unfitness was unlikely to change in
the foreseeable future. Finally, the district court found it was in A.W. and M.W.'s best
interests to terminate Mother's parental rights.

Mother timely appeals.

Analysis

After a child has been adjudicated to be a CINC, a district court must make three
findings before terminating parental rights. First, it must find clear and convincing
evidence that the parent is unfit. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(a). Second, it must find
clear and convincing evidence that the parent's unfitness is unlikely to change in the
foreseeable future. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(a). Third, it must find that the termination
of parental rights is in the child's best interests. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(g)(1).

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Here, the first question is not at issue because Mother stipulated in May 2017 that
she was unfit and she does not challenge that finding on appeal. She challenges only
whether her unfitness was unlikely to change in the foreseeable future, and whether
termination of her parental rights was in A.W. and M.W.'s best interests.

Governing Legal Principles

We begin with some general principles governing proceedings under the Revised
Kansas Code for Care of Children, K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2201 et seq. A parent has a
constitutionally protected liberty interest in the relationship with his or her child. See
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 759-60, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599
(1982); In re B.D.-Y., 286 Kan. 686, 697-98, 187 P.3d 594 (2008). Given the inherent
importance and unique character of that relationship, the right has been deemed
fundamental. Accordingly, the State may extinguish the legal bonds between parent and
child only upon clear and convincing proof of parental unfitness. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-
2269(a); In re R.S., 50 Kan. App. 2d 1105, Syl. ¶ 1, 336 P.3d 903 (2014).

As provided in K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(a), the State must prove the parent
unfit "by reason of conduct or condition" making him or her "unable to care properly for
a child" and that the circumstances are "unlikely to change in the foreseeable future." The
statute contains a nonexclusive list of nine conditions that singularly or in combination
would amount to unfitness. K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(b), (f). And the statute lists four
other factors to be considered if a parent no longer has physical custody of a child. K.S.A.
2018 Supp. 38-2269(c). In addition, the State may rely on one or more of 13 statutory
presumptions of unfitness outlined in K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2271.

In reviewing a district court's determination of unfitness, an appellate court must
be convinced, based on the full evidentiary record considered in a light favoring the State
as the prevailing party, that a rational fact-finder could have found that decision "highly
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probable, i.e., [supported] by clear and convincing evidence." In re B.D.-Y., 286 Kan. at
705. The appellate court cannot weigh conflicting evidence, pass on the credibility of
witnesses, or otherwise independently decide disputed questions of fact. 286 Kan. at 705.
In short, any conflicts in evidence must be resolved to the State's benefit.

Having found unfitness, the district court must then determine whether termination
of parental rights is "in the best interests of the child." K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 38-2269(g).
The district court makes that determination based on a preponderance of the evidence. In
re R.S., 50 Kan. App. 2d at 1116. The best-interests issue is essentially entrusted to the
district court acting within its sound judicial discretion. 50 Kan. App. 2d at 1115-16. An
appellate court reviews those sorts of decisions for abuse of discretion. A district court
exceeds that broad latitude if it rules in a way no reasonable judicial officer would under
the circumstances, if it ignores controlling facts or relies on unproven factual
representations, or if it acts outside the legal framework appropriate to the issue. See
Northern Natural Gas Co. v. ONEOK Field Services Co., 296 Kan. 906, 935, 296 P.3d
1106 (2013); State v. Ward, 292 Kan. 541, Syl. ¶ 3, 256 P.3d 801 (2011).

Does Clear and Convincing Evidence Support the District Court's Conclusion that
Mother's Unfitness was Unlikely to Change?

Mother first argues that the district court's conclusion that her unfitness was
unlikely to change in the foreseeable future was not supported by clear and convincing
evidence. The district court found that Mother's unfitness was unlikely to change in the
foreseeable future because "the total record in this case, with regard to Mother's
performance, indicates that the situation has gotten worse, there continues to be chaos,
violence, and convictions, and continued drug use." The district court emphasized that the
case began two and a half years ago and that he had given Mother considerable time since
the May 2017 finding of unfitness, but even so she failed to make the necessary changes
in her life.
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To review this conclusion, we consider the record in the light most favorable to
the State and determine whether a rational fact-finder could find the conclusion "highly
probable," i.e. whether the conclusion is supported by clear and convincing evidence. In
re B.D.-Y., 286 Kan. 686, 705, 187 P.3d 594 (2008). When performing this review, we do
not reweigh the evidence or reassess the credibility of witnesses. 286 Kan. at 705.

"What is the 'foreseeable future' is to be considered 'from the child's perspective,
not the parents', as the time perception of a child differs from that of an adult." In re S.D.,
41 Kan. App. 2d 780, 790, 204 P.3d 1182 (2009). Additionally, "the best indicator of
future performance is past performance. Accordingly, courts can consider a parent's past
history as evidence regarding the reasonable likelihood of any change in parental fitness.
[Citation omitted.]." In re M.A., No. 110,069, 2013 WL 6799335, at *6 (Kan. App. 2013)
(unpublished opinion).

Mother's drug problems

Mother presents three main arguments. First, she argues that "even if [she] had a
minor drug problem, it was not a large enough issue to keep her from caring for her
children." But we find clear and convincing evidence in the record to the contrary.

From the very beginning, Mother's case plan required her to produce negative UAs
and to pursue drug and alcohol treatment. As the district court emphasized, Mother had
far longer than the average parent to remedy her unfitness. This case remained pending in
the district court for two and a half years. Yet Mother continued to use drugs and to fail
to appear for UAs. Between the unfitness stipulation and the trial, Mother failed to appear
for nine UAs and had positive results for two. She was convicted of marijuana possession
in October 2017, and was stopped for a DUI and ticketed for marijuana possession in
December 2017. These decisions triggered additional consequences for Mother. The State
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moved to revoke Mother's probation in case 15 CR 1299, which charged identity theft; at
the time of the hearing in this case, Mother had outstanding arrest and bench warrants.

Not only does Mother's continued drug use show a failure to complete her case
plan tasks, it puts Mother at risk of being sent back to jail, leaving her children without
caretakers once more. Indeed, the reason A.W. and M.W. were adjudicated to be CINC
in the first place was because Mother was in jail and could not care for them. We reject
Mother's suggestion that the State has to show a direct causal connection between her
drug use and her children's neediness. The issue of Mother's continuing drug problems
was highly relevant to the district court's consideration of whether Mother's unfitness was
likely to change in the foreseeable future, as her drug use shows her indifference to
remedying the conditions which caused the children's' removal. That continued
indifference is contrary to the children's' health, safety, and well-being.

Mother's relationships with dangerous men

Second, Mother argues that "there was no evidence presented that [Prattis] was a
danger to the children and there was no evidence that the children were involved in
domestic violence." This oversimplifies the district court's relevant conclusions. The
district court was concerned not only about Mother's relationship with that one specific
man but also about her pattern of engaging in relationships with dangerous men and
allowing them to have contact with the children. The record contains clear and
convincing evidence supporting the district court's concern.

Mother framed the July 2017 incident as an example of her protecting her children
by seeking a PFA, but she fails to add that her PFA request was dismissed because she
failed to appear. Mother also was untruthful about the encounter; she told KVC she had
no further contact with Prattis and did not inform KVC about the incident despite the no-
contact order the district court issued in May 2017. Finally, Mother allowed the children
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to have unauthorized contact with Father during one of her unsupervised visits in fall
2017. While the record does not contain much information about Father, the original
CINC complaint alleges that Father had previously choked Mother and threw something
at her while she was holding M.W. The record also shows that Father did not participate
in his reintegration plan and so did not take steps to address this problem. Thus, the
record contains clear and convincing evidence that even after stipulating to her unfitness,
Mother continued to allow her children to be around dangerous men.

Mother's custody of her third child

Third, Mother argues that her ability to maintain custody of her third child
throughout this case shows that her "actions and lifestyle were not actually so terrible or
so inappropriate" and that "there was an arbitrary standard." Despite some facial appeal to
this argument, we do not find it compelling. The record contains no information about
Mother's youngest child other than the fact that he was born in 2016 and remained in
Mother's custody. The record does not tell us how well Mother was parenting this child
or whether he was thriving.

But even if we believe this factor cuts in Mother's favor, we cannot reweigh
evidence when reviewing a district court's decision for clear and convincing evidence. In
re B.D.-Y., 286 Kan. at 705. The simple fact that Mother retained custody of her youngest
child does nothing to counter the other evidence, including Mother's continued drug and
alcohol use, the resulting criminal consequences, and her pattern of relationships.

At the time of the termination hearing, A.W. and M.W. had been in State custody
for more than half of their lives. Mother was given several extensions of her reintegration
plan, causing her case below to continue for two-and-a-half years. Mother's ongoing drug
use and run-ins with the police, including citations for DUI and marijuana possession
about a month before the termination hearing, provide clear and convincing evidence that
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Mother's unfitness was unlikely to change in the foreseeable future. As a result, we affirm
the district court's conclusion.

Did the District Court Abuse its Discretion by Finding that Termination of
Mother's Rights was in the Children's Best Interests?

Mother next argues that the district court erred when it concluded that termination
of her parental rights was in A.W. and M.W.'s best interests. We review a district court's
determination of the children's best interests for abuse of discretion. In re R.S., 50 Kan.
App. 2d at 1116. A district court abuses its discretion if it bases its conclusion on an error
of fact or law, or if no reasonable person could agree with the court's conclusion. 50 Kan.
App. 2d at 1105, Syl. ¶ 2. The party claiming that a district court abused its discretion has
the burden to show such an abuse. In re K.E., 294 Kan. 17, 23, 272 P.3d 28 (2012).

Mother argues that "the district court gave no consideration to the physical,
mental, or emotional needs of the child and it was an abuse of discretion to find that
termination was appropriate." She also argues that "the only credible evidence presented
at trial was that it would not be in these children's best interests to terminate their
mother's parental rights." We disagree.

At the time of the termination hearing, these children had been in State custody for
two-and-a-half years—the majority of their lives. The district court highlighted this fact
in its conclusion. The district court also noted Sissel's testimony that Mother's case plan
failures caused changes in her visitation rights, and that these visitation changes had a
"detrimental emotional impact especially on [M.W.]."

Finally, the district court explicitly stated on the record that it considered the
children's best interests:

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"Thus, the Court finds that it's in the best interest of the minor children to
terminate parental rights and assign the sole right to consent to adopt to the Secretary.
"The Court does that after considering physical, mental, and emotional health of
the children and finds that their physical, mental, and emotional needs would be best
served by termination."

We take the district court at its word.

Mother fails to show that the district court abused its discretion. The district court
stated that it considered the children's best interests. It also cited evidence that the lack of
stability had a negative impact on M.W. While the district court made fewer explicit
findings with respect to A.W., this is likely due at least in part to A.W.'s young age. She
had been removed from Mother's care when five months old and was less than three years
old at the time of the termination hearing. The district court did not abuse its discretion
by concluding that it was in the children's best interests to achieve stability and finality
after two-and-a-half years in State custody.

Affirmed.