City of Lawrence v. Comeau

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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 115,025

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

CITY OF LAWRENCE,
Appellee,

v.

COLIN ROYAL COMEAU,
Appellant.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Douglas District Court; BARBARA KAY HUFF, judge. Opinion filed June 29, 2018.
Affirmed.

Michael S. Holland II, of Holland and Holland, of Russell, for appellant.

Elizabeth Hafoka, supervising city prosecutor, for appellee.

Before GARDNER, P.J., BUSER and ATCHESON, JJ.

BUSER, J.: Following a traffic stop, Colin Royal Comeau was arrested for driving
under the influence of alcohol (DUI). In accordance with the Kansas implied consent
statutes, K.S.A. 8-1001 et seq., the arresting officer asked Comeau to submit to a breath
test to determine the presence of alcohol and informed him that failure to submit to the
test constituted a separate crime. Comeau submitted to the breath test, and the results
showed that his alcohol content was above the legal limit. On appeal to the district court,
Comeau's motion to suppress the inculpatory results of the breath test was denied, and he
was found guilty of DUI. We affirm the district court.

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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On November 4, 2012, Sergeant Robert Linzer observed Comeau driving a vehicle
the wrong way on a one-way street in Lawrence. Sergeant Linzer stopped the vehicle.
During the traffic stop, the officer smelled alcohol on Comeau, noticed he had bloodshot
eyes, slurred speech, and slow movements. Based on these indicators of possible alcohol
consumption, Sergeant Linzer began a DUI investigation.

Sergeant Linzer conducted a number of field sobriety tests, including the walk-
and-turn test and the one-leg stand test, and concluded that Comeau failed the tests.
Comeau then agreed to take a preliminary breath test (PBT), which registered an alcohol
level of 0.229. Based on the results of the officer's investigation, Comeau was arrested for
DUI and transported to the Douglas County Jail for processing under the Kansas implied
consent law.

At the jail, Sergeant Linzer provided Comeau with a written copy of the implied
consent advisory, also referred to as a DC-70 form, and read it aloud to him. After he was
informed of the implied consent advisory notices, Comeau agreed to submit to an
evidentiary breath test on the Intoxilyzer 8000. The breath test result indicated an alcohol
level of 0.151, greater than the legal limit of 0.08.

Comeau was charged in Lawrence Municipal Court with DUI and other traffic
offenses unrelated to this appeal. On March 8, 2013, Comeau was found guilty of the
charges, whereupon he appealed to the district court. Comeau then moved to suppress the
evidence of the PBT and derivative evidence obtained as a result of the PBT. The district
court denied Comeau's motion to suppress on September 12, 2013.

After he twice failed to appear for scheduled bench trials, on February 11, 2014,
the district court granted the City's motion to dismiss Comeau's appeal for lack of
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prosecution and remanded the case to the municipal court. On April 10, 2015, our court
reversed the district court's dismissal, however, and remanded the case to the district
court. City of Lawrence v. Comeau, No. 111,358, 2015 WL 1782745 (Kan. App. 2015)
(unpublished opinion).

On remand, Comeau filed a second motion to suppress, this time asserting that his
Fourth Amendment rights were violated when he was unlawfully coerced to perform a
breath test on the Intoxilyzer 8000 after receiving improper implied consent advisories.
The district court denied Comeau's second motion to dismiss based in part on our court's
ruling in State v. Nece, No. 111,401, 2014 WL 5313744 (Kan. App. 2014) (unpublished
opinion). In Nece, we mistakenly held "the fact that [an officer] informed Nece about the
potential for criminal prosecution of a test refusal under the implied consent advisories
did not render Nece's consent involuntary." 2014 WL 5313744, at *8. This holding was
later reversed by our Supreme Court in State v. Nece, 303 Kan. 888, Syl., 367 P.3d 1260
(2016), aff'd on reh'g 306 Kan. 679, 396 P.3d 709 (2017).

On October 29, 2015, a bench trial was held with the parties submitting a
stipulation of facts and Comeau preserving his right to appeal the district court's adverse
suppression ruling. Based on the parties' stipulation, the district court found Comeau
guilty of DUI. Comeau appeals.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Comeau contends the breath test results obtained pursuant to the
Kansas implied consent law were acquired in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to
be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Specifically, Comeau argues the test
results were obtained without a warrant and no exception to the warrant requirement
justified the search. Comeau focuses his argument on the notion that because he was
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threatened with a criminal sanction for not consenting to a breath test, his consent to take
the test was impermissibly coercive.

The City does not respond to Comeau's argument that his consent was coerced and
was, therefore, invalid. Instead, for the first time on appeal, the State argues that
Comeau's breath test was lawfully obtained under the search-incident-to-arrest exception
to the warrant requirement. See Birchfield v. North Dakota, 579 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct.
2160, 2185, 195 L. Ed. 2d 560 (2016). Alternatively, the City claims that if Comeau's
Fourth Amendment rights were violated, the results from the breath test should not be
suppressed because the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule is applicable.

Appellate courts use a bifurcated standard to review the district court's decision on
a motion to suppress. State v. Hachmeister, 306 Kan. 630, 637, 395 P.3d 833 (2017).
First, we review the district court's factual findings to determine whether they are
supported by substantial evidence. Second, the ultimate legal conclusion regarding the
motion to suppress is reviewed do novo. As a result, when the material facts underlying
the motion to suppress evidence are not in dispute, the question of whether the evidence
should be suppressed is one of law over which we exercise unlimited review. 306 Kan. at
637. In this appeal, the parties have stipulated to the material facts relevant to the motion
to suppress. Accordingly, we exercise plenary review of the district court's legal
conclusion that Comeau's motion to suppress should be denied. See State v. Patterson,
304 Kan. 272, 274, 371 P.3d 893 (2016).

Comeau's appeal presents a challenge. First and foremost, since his arrest and the
district court's suppression ruling, there have been important changes in Kansas and
United States Supreme Court caselaw regarding the consent exception and search-
incident-to-arrest exception in DUI cases. These changes are thoroughly discussed in our
court's opinion, State v. Perkins, 55 Kan. App. 2d 372, 415 P.3d 460 (2018). Perkins was
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filed on March 2, 2018, after Comeau's appeal was briefed by the parties and it was
scheduled for decision by our court. As provided in Perkins:

"The search-incident-to-arrest exception to the search warrant requirement is a
categorical exception to the warrant requirement and permits an officer to demand a
breath test from a person arrested for a driving under the influence violation. Thus, a
breath test—but not a blood test because it is more intrusive—may be administered as a
search incident to lawful arrest for drunk driving." 55 Kan. App. 2d 372, Syl. ¶ 5.

Although the aspect of Perkins may be dispositive of the issue, given the
significant changes in the law which have occurred during this litigation, we elect to
decide this appeal on the alternative basis proffered by the State and opposed by
Comeau—the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule. In its alternative argument,
the State asserts that, assuming the consent exception to the warrant requirement is not
valid, the breath test results should not be suppressed because the good-faith exception to
the exclusionary rule applies to the search of Comeau's breath. In Perkins, our court
recognized that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule afforded an independent
ground to admit breath test results a law enforcement officer obtained in reliance on the
implied consent advisory later found to be unconstitutional. 55 Kan. App. 2d at 381-83.

While the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not expressly
prohibit the use of evidence obtained in violation of it provisions, a judicially created
remedy—the exclusionary rule—protects an individual's Fourth Amendment rights by
preventing the use of unconstitutionally obtained evidence in criminal proceedings
against victims of illegal searches. State v. Daniel, 291 Kan. 490, 496, 242 P.3d 1186
(2010). "This exclusionary rule operates to protect Fourth Amendment rights through
deterrence, and it is not the defendant's personal constitutional right." 291 Kan. at 496.
The application of the exclusionary rule is restricted "'to those situations in which its
remedial purpose is effectively advanced.'" 291 Kan. at 496 (quoting Illinois v. Krull, 480
U.S. 340, 347, 107 S. Ct. 1160, 94 L. Ed. 2d 364 [1987]). Accordingly, there are
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exceptions to the exclusionary rule, including the good-faith exception. Daniel, 291 Kan.
at 500.

The good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies to "evidence obtained by
police acting in objectively reasonable reliance upon a statute that was subsequently
found to violate the Fourth Amendment." 291 Kan. at 498. An officer's reliance on a
statute is objectively reasonable when the statute was valid at the time of the officer's
action unless (1) "'the legislature wholly abandoned its responsibility to enact
constitutional laws'"; or (2) if the statute's "'provisions are such that a reasonable officer
should have known that the statute was unconstitutional.'" 291 Kan. at 500 (quoting
Krull, 480 U.S. at 355)."Whether the good-faith exception applies is a question of law
over which an appellate court has unlimited review." State v. Schmidt, 53 Kan. App. 2d
225, 234, 385 P.3d 936 (2016).

Our court has repeatedly held the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule
precludes the suppression of alcohol tests obtained by police in reliance on the Kansas
implied consent law prior to the decision in State v. Ryce, 303 Kan. 899, 368 P.3d 342
(2016), aff'd on reh'g 306 Kan. 682, 396 P.3d 711 (2017). See, e.g., Perkins, 55 Kan.
App. 2d at 381-83 (breath test); Schmidt, 53 Kan. App. 2d at 236-37 (blood test); State v.
Kraemer, 52 Kan. App. 2d 686, 698-99, 371 P.3d 954 (2016) (breath test).

In Ryce, our Supreme Court held that K.S.A. 2014 Supp. 8-1025, which imposes
criminal penalties on a motorist for refusing to submit to any method of alcohol testing, is
facially unconstitutional because the State may not criminally punish an individual for
withdrawing his or her implied consent and the statute is not narrowly tailored to serve a
compelling State interest. 303 Kan. at 963. In Nece, the court held that a driver's consent
to a breath test is unduly coerced when the driver is informed that he is subject to
criminal penalties for refusing a breath test because the State could not have
constitutionally imposed such penalties. 303 Kan. at 889.
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In Kraemer, our court held the good-faith exception applied to preclude exclusion
of the defendant's breath test results because K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 8-1025 was struck down
as unconstitutional only after the driver's arrest. 52 Kan. App. 2d at 698. Moreover, the
Kraemer court noted that similar statutes to the Kansas implied consent law enacted in
other states had been deemed constitutional by those states, thereby supporting the
conclusion that the officer's reliance on the statute was objectively reasonable. See 52
Kan. App. 2d at 698.

Similar to Kraemer, our court in Schmidt held the good-faith exception to the
exclusionary rule applied to blood test results obtained after an officer advised the
defendant that he could be charged with a separate crime for refusing to submit to a blood
test. 53 Kan. App. 2d at 237. Our court held the testing officer had no reason to know the
implied consent advisories would be found impermissibly coercive years after the
defendant's arrest. 53 Kan. App. 2d at 236. Our court noted that at the time of the
defendant's arrest, "Kansas courts had consistently upheld the constitutionality of
warrantless blood draws undertaken pursuant to K.S.A. 8-1001." 53 Kan. App. 2d at 235.
Furthermore, in Schmidt our court determined that the Kansas Legislature did not wholly
abandon its responsibility to pass constitutional laws when it enacted K.S.A. 2012 Supp.
8-1001(k)(4) or K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 8-1025. 53 Kan. App. 2d at 236. The court reasoned
that other states had similar statutes and continued to uphold them prior to the United
States Supreme Court's decision in Birchfield. Schmidt, 53 Kan. App. 2d at 236.

Perkins, Schmidt, and Kraemer are dispositive. Sergeant Linzer acted in
objectively reasonable reliance upon K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 8-1025 and the implied consent
advisories mandated by K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 8-1001(k)(4) to obtain Comeau's breath test
results. At the time of Comeau's arrest, Sergeant Linzer was required to advise Comeau
that he could face criminal penalties if he refused to consent to alcohol testing. A
reasonable officer had no reason to know that the implied consent advisories would be
found unconstitutionally coercive years after Comeau's arrest when the Supreme Court of
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Kansas had consistently upheld the constitutionality of warrantless alcohol tests. See,
e.g., Martin v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 285 Kan. 625, 635, 176 P.3d 938 (2008),
overruled on other grounds by City of Atwood v. Pianalto, 301 Kan. 1008, 350 P.3d 1048
(2015); Furthmyer v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 256 Kan. 825, 835, 888 P.2d 832 (1995);
State v. Garner, 227 Kan. 566, 571, 608 P.2d 1321 (1980).

Additionally, we do not find the Legislature wholly abandoned its responsibility to
enact constitutional laws when our Supreme Court previously held "compulsory testing
for alcohol or drugs through drivers' implied, even coerced, consent does not violate the
Constitution." Martin, 285 Kan. at 635. Moreover, similar statutes were passed in other
states and were deemed constitutional in those states. See Ryce, 303 Kan. at 928-29
(citing cases where courts have upheld nonconsensual searches under an implied consent
statute).

In conclusion, the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies in this
case. Nothing in the record suggests that at the time of Comeau's arrest a reasonable
officer should have known that the criminal penalty statute was unconstitutional or that
the Kansas implied consent advisories were coercive, nor is there any indication that the
Legislature wholly abandoned its duty to enact constitutional laws in passing either
statute. Thus, Sergeant Linzer acted in objectively reasonable reliance on K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 8-1001(k)(4) and K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 8-1025 when advising Comeau that he could
be charged with a separate criminal offence for refusing to conduct a breath test.
Suppressing Comeau's breath test results would not serve the purpose of the exclusionary
rule—to deter police misconduct—because Sergeant Linzer acted in good faith in
following the statutes in effect at the time of Comeau's arrest.

The district court did not err in its denial of Comeau's motion to suppress. The
conviction is affirmed. See State v. Overman, 301 Kan.704, 712, 348 P.3d 516 (2015) (If
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a district court reaches the correct result, its decision will be upheld even though it relied
upon the wrong ground or assigned erroneous reasons for its decision.).

Affirmed.

* * *
GARDNER, J., concurring: I agree with the decision, but I would also affirm based
on the State's argument that Comeau's breath test was lawfully obtained under the search-
incident-to-arrest exception to the warrant requirement. See Birchfield v. North Dakota,
579 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 2160, 2185, 195 L. Ed. 2d 560 (2016); State v. Perkins, 55 Kan.
App. 2d 372, Syl. ¶ 5, 415 P.3d 460 (2018). Because those cases reaffirm that the search-
incident-to-arrest exception is a categorical exception to the warrant requirement, an
officer may lawfully administer a breath test as a search incident to a lawful arrest for
drunk driving. The officer did so here and the facts fall squarely within that categorical
exception, so no Fourth Amendment violation occurred even without the good-faith
exception.