Amy's Spa Services LLC v. Kansas Dept. of Labor

1

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 117,258


IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

AMY'S SPA SERVICES LLC,
Appellant,

v.

KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Appellee.


MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Johnson District Court; KEVIN P. MORIARTY, judge. Opinion filed January 26, 2018.
Affirmed.

Kevin J. Odrowski, of Kansas City, Missouri, for appellant.

Justin McFarland, special assistant attorney general and deputy general counsel, of Kansas
Department of Labor, for appellee.

Before HILL, P.J., MALONE, J., and MERLIN G. WHEELER, District Judge, assigned.

PER CURIAM: In this review of an agency action, Amy's Spa Services, LLC (dba
Amy's Spa) asks us to overturn the Kansas Department of Labor's determination that the
nail technicians who work at Amy's Spa are employees and not independent contractors.
Our review of the record reveals that the Department did not misinterpret or misapply the
law; there is substantial evidence supporting the agency's findings; and the Department's
conclusion that these nail technicians are controlled by the Spa to such an extent that they
must be legally considered to be employees was neither arbitrary nor capricious.
Accordingly, we affirm.
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We begin with a review of the facts found in the agency record. After that, we
detail our scope of review and examine the law concerning employment security and
where we find the test used to determine if an employment relationship exists—the right
to control. After that, we analyze, in detail, the arguments made by the Spa. Then, we
look at the evidence both supporting and not supporting the Department's findings. At the
end, we conclude by finding the Department's actions are not arbitrary or capricious.

We review the agency record.

Leander and Hongmin (known as Amy) Fisher started Amy's Spa Services, LLC
in 2013. Then they began doing business as Amy's Spa in early 2014. After the Spa
opened, the Kansas Department of Labor conducted an audit of the business to determine
the correct legal classification of the technicians working at the Spa. The auditor
reviewed the Spa's independent contractor agreement signed by each technician,
interviewed three nail technicians, and interviewed Leander Fisher. The auditor also
reviewed some of the Spa's financial documents and tried to visit the salon—but it was
closed at the time.

Each nail technician must sign a contract before working at the Spa and we find
several of its provisions pertinent to our inquiries. It expressly states that the intent of the
parties is to form an independent contractor relationship between the Spa and technician,
not an employee/employer relationship. The workers are expected to clean their
workstations but are not required to perform any janitorial duties. Each worker is to
supply all tools necessary to complete the job. The technicians may set their own prices
for their services, but their charges may not undercut the Spa's prices.

The contract details how customer payments are handled. Through a system
controlled by the Spa, it collects all of the money and the technicians are paid a
percentage of the amount each customer pays for the services received. The contract also
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provides that the workers are free to advertise their business; however, any advertisement
must conspicuously identify Amy's Spa. Either party to the contract is allowed to
terminate the agreement with 21 days of notice. The workers are subject to a noncompete
clause which prevents them from performing any spa, salon, nail, or beauty service
within a 6-mile radius of the Spa. Additionally, the workers may not assign the contract
to anyone without the written consent of the Spa.

Also under the contract, the workers are required to keep confidential any trade
secrets, intellectual property, and contact lists generated at the Spa. These are the
property of the Spa. The contract states that the workers are responsible for scheduling
their own appointments and may come and go as they please. There is no uniform
required; however, professional dress consistent with the standards of the profession is
required. The workers may employ assistants as needed to accomplish the tasks under the
contract. The workers are also responsible for all expenses incurred through the
performance of the agreement. We move now to what was gleaned from the interviews.

The three interviewed nail technicians provided information that is important to
this determination. First, Soukhalith Kongkindavong stated that she was given
instructions on how to clean her workstation. She also stated that she is required to be
present from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m. on the days she was working. Kongkindavong was not
able to determine the days that she was scheduled to work. She went on to state that both
she and the Spa scheduled client appointments, and she also provided nail services for
walk-in customers. Kongkindavong was unsure whether she could work at another salon
during her employment. She does not advertise her services. Kongkindavong also stated
that the Spa requested she give notice if she were to stop working for the Spa.
Kongkindavong brought in her own tools to perform her work at the Spa.

In the second interview, Li Tingting stated the only training she received from the
Spa concerned disinfecting. Tingting stated that she did not have the ability to hire
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assistants. Tingting stated she was able to work at other nail salons, but she is currently
only working for the Spa. She has a set schedule, but she could be discharged from or
leave the Spa without any penalty. She is paid a commission and keeps track of the
number of nail services performed in a day. She does bring some of her own supplies, but
the Spa provides the desks where services are performed and all of the nail polishes.
There is no desk or booth rental fee.

In the third interview, Judith Rada stated that she was required to attend
mandatory meetings and was given instructions on how to clean her work area by the
Spa. Apparently, no follow-up investigation was done on the nature of the mandatory
meetings. Rada would come to the spa at 10 a.m. each day as scheduled by the Spa. Rada
stated that she could not work for more than one salon at a time due to the hours required
at the Spa. Rada had also been called on her days off to see about her availability to work
when someone called in sick. Rada provided some supplies to perform the services, like
clippers, nippers, and a cuticle pusher, and the Spa provided the disinfectant, polish, and
chairs. One time Rada brought in her own polish for a customer, and one of the owners of
the Spa became very upset and took it away from her. Based upon the information
gathered from the audit, the auditor concluded that there was an employer/employee
relationship between the Spa and the nail technicians.

Unsatisfied with the auditor's conclusion, the Spa pursued its administrative
remedies. First, it sought a review of this determination through the Department. Joe
Vining, Chief of Contributions for the Department, found the Spa had presented
insufficient evidence to reverse the auditor's decision. Vining analyzed whether the Spa
had the right to control the work being performed and whether control was being
exercised. Vining relied upon the nail technicians essentially not running their own
business as one factor in determining whether an employer/employee relationship was
present. Additionally, the Spa set the prices for services on its website, and while the
technicians could set their own prices, Vining concluded that customers would expect to
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pay the prices advertised by the Spa. The expectation of prices, coupled with the single
payment system, led to the conclusion that an employer/employee relationship existed.

After that ruling, the Spa appealed this decision to the Kansas Secretary of Labor,
where a hearing officer took evidence on the matter. The auditor, Vining, and Leander
Fisher all testified at that administrative hearing. We offer some details.

The auditor described the procedure she used to conduct the audit. She stated that
in forming her opinion she must take what is said in the interviews as true. Nothing in the
independent contractor agreement swayed her opinion over the ultimate question.
Further, she stated what was said in the interviews did not contradict anything in the
independent contractor agreement. Concerning the worksheet and her notes, the auditor
testified that she prepared the worksheets on the same day the interviews occurred. The
worksheets contained all of the information from the interviews. After completing the
worksheets, she discarded her interview notes.

Vining's testimony concerned his review of the Spa's appeal from the auditor's
determination. He admitted that the information about the customers' expectations of
prices was an assumption from the auditor's report.

Leander Fisher told the court that the Spa followed the requirements of the
independent contractor agreement. He discussed the payment allocations and stated the
nail technicians keep all of the tips they receive. The technicians are free to set their own
hours and discussed various situations that could occur as a result of them setting their
own hours. The technicians did not receive training because they were already trained
and licensed as cosmetologists. He also detailed other work the technicians performed
outside of their work with the Spa. It included working in an alteration shop, working as a
maid, and working at a different nail salon in Lawrence, Kansas.

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The hearing officer ultimately determined that the Spa had the right to control the
end result and the manner of work for the technicians at the salon. To reach this
conclusion, the hearing officer used the two statutory tests set out in K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
44-768. First, the hearing officer concluded there was no reasonable basis for the Spa to
believe it properly classified the workers under all of the circumstances in K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 44-768(a). Second, the hearing officer assessed the eight factors set out by K.S.A.
2016 Supp. 44-768(b) to determine whether the Spa had the right to exercise control over
the workers. The factors are:

"(1) Must the individual comply with specific instructions from the business
regarding when, where, and how to perform services so provided?
"(2) Are the activities of the individual integrated into the ongoing operations of
the business?
"(3) If needed to accomplish the desired end result, does the individual have the
responsibility to hire, supervise and pay assistants?
"(4) Must the individual work exclusively for the business in question?
"(5) Is payment by the business to the individual for services contingent on
completion of established benchmarks or tasks?
"(6) Does the individual provide significant tools, materials or other equipment
used in the accomplishment of the desired end result?
"(7) Is the individual responsible for any expenses incurred in the performance of
services?
"(8) Can the individual suffer a loss in the course of performing services?"
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-768(b).

The hearing officer then applied the facts presented to the statutory factors.

 Factor 1 could indicate either type of relationship, but the hearing officer
also noted that the customers to be served were customers of the salon
based upon the language of the agreement.
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 Factor 2 indicates that the services were necessarily a key part of the
business of the Spa, indicating employment.
 Factor 3 favored the Spa having control because while the agreement stated
that the workers may hire assistants, this was incompatible with the no-
assignment clause of the contract.
 Factor 4 favored employment status because even though the workers were
able to perform work for others, the noncompete clause limited the
geographical area in which the workers could perform work. In the hearing
officer's opinion, "[i]t is difficult to imagine that a true independent contract
with his or her own business . . . should be restricted by a contract clause
limiting the contractor's ability to contract with others desiring to purchase
their services within some such geographically-constrained area."
 The hearing officer was not clear on how factor 5 applies, but he noted that
payments to the workers from the Spa were contingent upon the completion
of services to the satisfaction of the Spa's customers.
 Factor 6 favored employment because the Spa handled the customers'
payments even though the workers provided their own tools while the Spa
provided the facility, chairs, and some supplies like nail polish.
 Factor 7 supported independent contractor status because the workers are
responsible for the costs of maintenance and upkeep of their tools.
 Factor 8 supported employment status because the workers did not pay
booth rental fees or incur expenses other than the maintenance of their
tools; conversely, the Spa incurred risks regarding customers' payments.

The hearing officer weighed the facts and, based upon all the circumstances
presented, found five of the statutory factors revealed that the workers were subject to the
control of the Spa.

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In support of the conclusion that the workers were actually employees and not
independent contractors, the hearing officer wrote convincingly of the nail technicians'
work as the reason for the spa's existence:

"An important factor supporting this conclusion is that the nail technicians' work efforts
are completely integrated into [the Spa] as a manicure/pedicure salon. This relates
directly to [the Spa's] very rationale for existence as a nail salon. The work performed is a
key aspect and part of [the Spa's] regular business. This level of integration, along with
the other factors indicating that the nail technician[s'] work is subject to control by the
business with regard both to the end result of the work performed as well as the manner
and means by which those results are accomplished, support the Contributions Unit's
determination that the nail technicians constituted employees."

The Spa then appealed the Department's decision to the district court under the
Kansas Judicial Review Act, K.S.A. 77-601 et seq. The district court reviewed the entire
certified record and upheld the Department's decision after it concluded that it was
supported by sufficient evidence and was not arbitrary or capricious. The Spa now seeks
our review.

To us, the Spa contends the Department misapplied the law, did not have
substantial evidence supporting its conclusions, and made an arbitrary and capricious
decision. The Spa challenges the Department's determination that there is an
employer/employee relationship, thus requiring the Spa to withhold unemployment tax
for its workers.

We first review the law of judicial review of agency actions.

This appeal from the district court is also a determination under the Kansas
Judicial Review Act. According to K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 77-603(a), we are not bound by
any determination of the district court in this matter. Indeed, we exercise the same limited
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review as the district court. We conduct this review as if the action was originally brought
before this court under the Act. Kansas Dept. of Revenue v. Powell, 290 Kan. 564, 567,
232 P.3d 856 (2016).

Also, according to the Act, when we review claims of error we may only grant
relief if one or more statutory errors are present. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 77-621(c)(1)-(8). The
Spa argues three of the statutory errors are present here:

 The Department erroneously interpreted or applied the law;
 the Department's determination is not supported by substantial evidence;
and
 the Department's decision is unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.
See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 77-621(c)(4) and (7)-(8).

The party asserting that the Department erred has the burden of proving the error. See
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 77-621(a)(1).

The employment relationship in Kansas is determined by the right to control.

The Department was legally obliged to determine if these nail technicians were
employees or independent contractors and the Kansas Employment Security Law, K.S.A.
44-701 et seq., governs this determination. For our purposes, "employment" under this
law is defined in K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-703(i)(3)(B) to include "any individual who,
under the usual common law rules applicable in determining the employer-employee
relationship, has the status of an employee subject to the provisions of subsection
(i)(3)(D)." That subsection speaks of control of the manner and means of activities:

"Services performed by an individual for wages or under any contract of hire
shall be deemed to be employment subject to this act if the business for which activities
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of the individual are performed retains not only the right to control the end result of the
activities performed, but the manner and means by which the end result is accomplished."
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-703(i)(3)(D).

This definition of employment is at times called the common-law right to control test.
The right to control test is the proper test in determining whether a person is an employee
or independent contractor under Kansas law. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Kansas
Dept. of Human Resources, 272 Kan. 265, 270, 32 P.3d 1146 (2001).

The Spa argues the district court did not correctly interpret or apply the law
because it did not address a 20-factor test some courts have used to determine whether an
employer/employee relationship is present. See Craig v. FedEx Ground Package System,
Inc., 300 Kan. 788, 797-98, 335 P.3d 66 (2014). In our view, the Spa gives too much
weight to the 20-factor test in FedEx because the holding in FedEx applies only to
determinations under the Kansas Wage Payment Act and not to the Employment Security
Act which is applicable here. See 300 Kan. at 798.

Importantly, in this case application of the right to control test is controlled by a
specific statute—K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-768. It states: "The secretary shall make the
determination of employment required by K.S.A. 44-703(i)(3)(D), and amendments
thereto, by examining the totality of the circumstances in which the individual renders
service and shall exercise strict impartiality in the conduct of any such determination."

The statute requires the Department to first determine if the business had a
reasonable basis for the business classification of the workers. K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-
768(a). The Department made that determination here, and it is not challenged by the
Spa. If the Department determines there is not a reasonable basis for the business
classification, then the statute lists eight factors that the Department must consider in
making its determination of whether a worker meets the definition of an employee.
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K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-768(b)(1)-(8). The Department here followed the law that the
Legislature directed it to follow.

Thus, the 20-factor test in FedEx is not applicable for the Department's analysis
under the statute here. The Legislature directs the Department to consider the eight
factors in K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-768(b) when making determinations of whether a person
is an employee under the Kansas Employment Security Act. Thus, the Department did
not erroneously interpret the statute by applying the factors the Legislature has directed it
to consider.

Although its argument is not entirely clear, the Spa seems to argue the Department
erred by incorrectly applying the law based upon established caselaw. The Spa has the
burden of proving to this court the Department misapplied the law. See K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 77-621(a)(1).

In this argument, the Spa cites Caring Hearts Personal Home Services v. Hobley,
35 Kan. App. 2d 345, 130 P.3d 1215 (2006), for the propositions that the existence of a
noncompete clause and a single entity handling the billing shows an independent
contractor relationship. However, Caring Hearts involved two independent contractors
contesting the viability of a noncompete clause. There was no issue whether the workers
were employees or independent contractors. At the most, Caring Hearts shows that an
independent contractor can be subject to a noncompete clause. See 35 Kan. App. 2d at
355.

We hold Caring Hearts is not beneficial to our analysis here, simply because
noncompete clauses can exist in contracts for both employees and independent
contractors. See, e.g., Allen, Gibbs & Houlik v. Ristow, 32 Kan. App. 2d 1051, Syl. ¶ 2,
94 P.3d 724 (2004). The Spa has not shown how the Department misapplied the law
because Caring Hearts does not stand for the proposition that the Spa claims it does.
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Turning to the issue of control, the caselaw the Spa cites is simply not persuasive.
In Milano's Inc. v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 296 Kan. 497, 504, 293 P.3d 707 (2013), the
court found that exotic dancers were employees because there was a clear exercise of
control. The court relied upon the owners setting various rules and if the dancers violated
the rules they would be punished by the business. 296 Kan. at 504. This case provides
very little help for us here. Milano's does not represent the benchmark of what constitutes
control—instead, it was a clear case of where control was present. The Department's
decision was not a misapplication of the law simply because the level of control
demonstrated in Milano's was not also present in the record here.

The Spa also relies on McDonnell v. The Music Stand, Inc., 20 Kan. App. 2d 287,
886 P.2d 895 (1994), to show the Department misapplied the law. The Spa compares the
facts of McDonnell to the present case to show there is no right of control in the present
case. In McDonnel, a worker was an independent contractor when he received a flat fee
for repossession of instruments and a contingent fee on payments made after collection of
the debt had begun. This arrangement was for only one year and could be ended by either
party with 30 days' notice. While McDonnell has some factual similarities, it is
distinguishable from the present case. The worker in McDonnell was essentially a
collection agent for a company which sold music equipment. The collection agent
provided his own business as a service to the seller of music equipment. The workers
here provide an integral portion of the Spa's business and provide the services to
customers of the Spa. The lack of integration distinguishes the facts here from
McDonnell; thus, the case does not show the Department misapplied the law.

Thus, Caring Hearts, Milano's, and McDonnell are either unhelpful or
unpersuasive. Based upon our review of caselaw cited by the Spa, it has failed to meet its
burden of showing the Department erred in either interpreting or applying the law.


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Substantial evidence supports the Department's conclusions.

When reviewing whether substantial evidence supports an agency decision, the
courts must determine if the evidence is substantial in light of the record as a whole.
K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 77-621(c)(7). The phrase "in light of the record as a whole" is further
defined by statute, and it means we look at all of the evidence without reweighing it:

"[T]he adequacy of the evidence in the record before the court to support a particular
finding of fact shall be judged in light of all the relevant evidence in the record cited by
any party that detracts from such findings as well as all the relevant evidence in the
record . . . cited by any party that supports such finding, including any determinations of
veracity by the presiding officer who personally observed the demeanor of the witness
and the agency's explanation of why the relevant evidence in the record supports its
material findings of fact. In reviewing the evidence in light of the record as a whole, the
court shall not reweigh the evidence or engage in de novo review." K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
77-621(d).

To make a determination of whether substantial evidence supports an agency's
determination we must take three steps:
 review the evidence both supporting and conflicting with the agency's
determination;
 examine the presiding officer's credibility determinations; and
 review the explanations why the evidence supports the agency's decision.
Williams v. Petromark Drilling, 299 Kan. 792, 795, 326 P.3d 1057 (2014).

The Spa first contends that the information from the audit is completely lacking
credibility and should not be considered at all. This contention is based in large part on
the district court's determination that the investigation was inadequate and there were
discrepancies within the auditor's testimony. Indeed, the record does show an incomplete
investigation and there were discrepancies in the auditor's testimony.
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We illustrate our point. The auditor stated that she must believe everything the
workers told her in the interviews, that she had to make her determination of what was
said to her in the interviews, and assess all of the relevant factors. But the statute requires
the Department to consider all of the circumstances in making its determination, not just
the nail technicians' statements. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 44-768(a). Furthermore, the
auditor stated that nothing in the workers' statements was contradictory to the provisions
of the independent contractor agreement. This is clearly not true because there are several
inconsistencies and contradictions between the terms of the agreement and the workers'
statements. For example, the workers all stated they had a fixed work schedule, but the
agreement states there is no fixed schedule and the workers may come and go as they
please. To determine the workers' status all of the circumstances must be considered;
thus, the independent contractor agreement and the workers' statements are relevant to the
inquiry. The auditor's testimony shows a disregard for the statutory requirements, so her
conclusions and opinions will not be considered in our analysis of whether the
Department had substantial evidence to support its determination.

The Spa also contends that the information contained in the worksheets created by
the auditor should not be considered as relevant evidence due to the auditor's lack of
credibility. In an agency hearing, hearsay evidence is not excludable solely on the
grounds that it is hearsay evidence. K.S.A. 77-524(a). While the worksheets partially
contain the auditor's opinion, the workers' statements found within the worksheets
provide relevant evidence to determine the issue at hand. Because the worksheets
contained all of the information from the interviews, the worksheets are sufficiently
credible to be considered by the Department in making its determination.

Turning to whether substantial evidence is present, we must consider both the
evidence which supports the Department's decision and the evidence which detracts from
the Department's decision. There is no error if in light of the whole record the
Department had substantial evidence to support its decision. "'Substantial evidence is
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evidence which possesses both relevance and substance and which furnishes a substantial
basis of fact from which the issue can reasonably be resolved' [Citations omitted.]" Bd. of
Cherokee County Comm'rs v. Kansas Racing & Gaming Comm'n, 306 Kan. 298, 326,
393 P.3d 601 (2017). This determination requires the court to look at the Department's
explanation of why the facts support the decision. See Petromark, 299 Kan. at 795. We
now review the eight factors listed in the law.

The first factor is whether the individual must comply with specific instructions
from the business regarding when, where, and how to perform the services. K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 44-768(b)(1). Here, there is conflicting evidence. The workers, through their
statements, clearly indicated that the Spa directed when they had to perform services
because they had set schedules. In contrast, the independent contractor agreement stated
that the workers do not have a set schedule. Leander Fisher testified that he operates the
business consistently with the independent contractor agreement concerning scheduling
and the workers were free to come and go as they pleased. The facts for this factor could
indicate the workers are employees or independent contractors. The Department
identified the potential for this factor could weigh either way and it is not clear if it
weighed this factor towards either employment or independent contractor status.

The second factor is whether the activities are integrated into the ongoing
operations of the business. The workers are clearly integrated into the ongoing operations
of the business because they provide essential services of the Spa. The contract says that
the workers are to provide salon-type services to the Spa's customers. The Spa concedes
that this factor supports employment. There is substantial evidence for the Department's
determination on this factor.

The third factor asks whether the worker has the responsibility to hire, supervise,
and pay assistants. The Department found that the workers would have this responsibility
under the contract; however, due to the no-assignment clause of the contract, the Spa had
16

the ability to exercise control. On appeal, the Spa argues that this is an unreasonable
conclusion because the nature of the services provided.

Due to Kansas' statutes controlling the practice of cosmetology and related
services, a person providing the services under the terms of this contract must be licensed
to perform the services. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 65-1902(a)(1). However, the license
requirement does not necessarily mean the duties under the contract would not be
assignable. Rather, if the workers wished to assign their duties under the contract, they
would simply have to assign those duties to a licensed technician.

Under the no-assignment clause of the contract, the workers cannot assign their
duties under the contract to a different licensed technician without first obtaining written
consent from the Spa. To a degree, this shows the Spa has the authority to exercise
control over the way the workers perform their duties under the contract. The specific
worker that signed the contract must perform the work under the terms of the contract,
unless the Spa permits the worker to assign the contract to another licensed
cosmetologist. In other words, the Spa has the authority to exercise control over the
services being provided.

The fourth factor is whether the worker must perform services exclusively for the
business. Evidence supports a conclusion either way. The workers may, and in some
cases did, perform work for businesses other than the Spa. This indicates independent
contractor status. However, the Department found the noncompete clause showed that
this factor favored employment. The Department reasoned that a true independent
contractor arrangement would not restrict the independent contractor's ability to work
within a geographically constrained area. Here, the noncompete clause prohibits the
workers from performing any salon service in competition with the Spa within a 6-mile
radius of the Spa. The language of the contract provides factual support for the
Department's conclusion and rationale.
17

The fifth factor analyzes whether payment by the business is contingent upon the
completion of established benchmark tasks. The Department found that payment was
contingent on completion of services for the Spa's customers based on the language of the
contract. It is unclear how the Department applied this factor.

The sixth factor asks whether the worker provides significant tools, materials, or
other equipment to accomplish the task. The Department found the workers provided
certain portable tools that are needed to provide services, but the salon provided the
facility itself, the chairs, tables, and supplies. The record supports this factual finding.
The Department found this factor favored employment because the Spa provided the
cleaning supplies, polish, and payment processing system. This rationale and application
of this factor is not supported by the evidence because the fact that the workers provide
the hand tools to perform the contract clearly shows this factor favors independent
contractor status.

The seventh factor is whether the worker is responsible for any expenses incurred
in performing the services. The Department found that the workers are responsible for the
upkeep on their tools; thus, this factor suggests independent contractor status. The record
clearly shows the workers pay for the upkeep of their tools.

The eighth factor is whether the workers can suffer a loss in the course of
performing services. The Department found that the workers do not pay a booth rental fee
or incur substantial expenses beyond the portable tools they utilize to perform their
services. Further, the Department found the salon incurs the risk of loss from processing
the payments from customers. Leander Fisher stated in his interview that the workers do
not pay any rental fee to the Spa. The contract provides that the Spa bears the risk of
processing customers' payments. The Department had substantial evidence to support this
conclusion.

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Conversely, the Spa argues the workers can suffer loss because they are open to
personal liability for any harm they cause in the performance of services. The Spa relies
upon Steele v. Rapp, 183 Kan. 371, 327 P.2d 1053 (1958), to show that nail technicians
face potential liability from their work. This case is not persuasive. First, this case
involved a question of whether the actions of a salon worker were an independent cause
that would have broken the link of causation for a beauty supplier's tort liability, so it is
not applicable to the present facts. Second, the Spa ignores the fact that the pleadings in
the underlying case claimed the salon worker was an employee of the salon. Steele does
not provide support that the workers here were independent contractors because they face
liability.

Here, the workers' potential liability is outlined within the contract; however, it is
unclear how the potential liability would sway this factor to independent contractor
status. Being an employee of a business does not absolve a person from liability for
tortious conduct. In Kerns v. G.A.C., Inc., 255 Kan. 264, 274, 875 P.2d 949 (1994), the
court held that "officers, agents, and employees of a corporation who violate a duty owed
to third persons are liable to such persons for their torts." The existence of the possibility
of liability on behalf of the workers does not invalidate whether there is substantial
evidence to support the Department's conclusion.

Not directly addressed in the Department's reasoning, but relevant to the inquiry, is
the contract provision that requires the Spa to be conspicuously identified on any of the
workers' personal advertisements. This evidence is contained within the independent
contractor agreement and is relevant to the question of whether the Spa has the right to
control the means and performance of services.

The Spa argues the advertising clause does not show that it exercises control over
its workers. The Spa cites three cases to support its position. The Spa argues in Home
Design, Inc. v. Kansas Dept. of Human Resources, 27 Kan. App. 2d 242, 2 P.3d 789
19

(2000), the appellate court did not find a contractual requirement that a subcontractor
advertise the general contractor's business constituted control over the subcontractor. This
is an overly broad reading of the case. While the court did address the advertising
requirement, it was of little use in the actual determination. The case was decided on the
basis of other facts. The advertising was merely mentioned in the context of "if the siding
was being applied to a large, new house or apartment development, one might also
observe large signs identifying the general contractor and architect for the site." 27 Kan.
App. 2d at 246.

Compared to the facts of this case, if someone were to receive a business card that
advertised both a nail technician and the Spa, one would expect the nail technician to be
an employee of the Spa. The advertising requirement shows that the Spa is exercising a
right to control the services the workers are performing because it involves the workers'
personal advertising for their business. The contract here provides a very different
restriction than the general contractor advertising that was addressed in Home Designs.

Next, the Spa relies upon Hendrix v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 203 Kan. 140, 453
P.2d 486 (1969). The ruling in Hendrix is not controlling on the analysis in this case. The
case states that "'the mere fact of ownership of property or that goods marketed under the
trade name of such owner are advertised and sold there is insufficient to show that the
one who sells the goods is the agent or employee of such owner.' [Citations omitted.]"
203 Kan. at 155. At most, Hendrix stands for the proposition that an advertising
agreement alone is an insufficient basis to show employment. But this was a minor point
in the case. The case was decided based upon the independent contractor negligently
acting outside the scope of the work he was to do for the business. 203 Kan. at 156-57.
Here, the advertising is only a factor that supports an employer/employee relationship,
and not the entire basis for the determination that the workers are employees. Thus,
Hendrix only provides minimal persuasive value.

20

The Spa also cites Martin v. Wichita Cab Co., 161 Kan. 510, 170 P.2d 147 (1946),
stating it reached an identical result as Hendrix. Martin is not applicable because it is
distinguishable on the facts. The determination of independent contractor status was not
based upon a requirement to advertise; rather, the drivers were independent contractors
because they leased the vehicles from the company. While the cabs they leased contained
advertising, it was clear the cab drivers were operating their own business. 161 Kan. at
517-18.

Based upon the facts that support employment status and the evidence that
detracts from employment status, the Department clearly had relevant evidence which
could lead a reasonable person to conclude that the Spa had the right to exercise control
over the workers. The no-assignment clause, the advertising clause, the workers'
statements about having a fixed schedule, the noncompete clause, the process of how the
money is handled, and the integration of the workers into the Spa's business provide a
sufficient factual basis for the Department to reach its conclusion. The question now turns
to whether the Department's determination was unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.

This decision is neither arbitrary nor capricious.

The Kansas Supreme Court has held that an agency action is unreasonable when it
is taken without regard to the benefit or harm to all interested parties or is without
foundation in fact. Further, an agency action is arbitrary and capricious if it is
unreasonable or lacks any factual basis. Sunflower Racing, Inc. v. Board of Wyandotte
County Comm'rs, 256 Kan. 426, 431, 885 P.2d 1233 (1994). The test for an unreasonable,
arbitrary, or capricious agency action essentially looks at whether the agency reasonably
exercised its discretion in reaching the decision based upon the agency's factual findings
and the applicable law. 256 Kan. at 445.

21

Questions for us to consider in making this determination are whether the agency
acted reasonably:

 Did the agency rely on factors that the Legislature had not intended it to
consider?
 Did the agency fail to consider an important aspect of the problem?
 Did the agency's explanation of its action run counter to the evidence before
it? And
 Was the agency's explanation so implausible that it could not be considered
simply a difference in view or the result of agency expertise? Wheatland
Electric Cooperative v. Polansky, 46 Kan. App. 2d 746, 757, 265 P.3d 1194
(2011); see Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Assn. v. State Farm Mut., 463 U.S. 29, 43,
103 S. Ct. 2856, 77 L. Ed. 2d 443 (1983).

First, the Department did not rely upon factors that the Legislature did not intend
for it to rely upon. In fact, the Department relied upon the eight factors the Legislature
requires it to analyze in making determinations of the workers' status. K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
44-768(b). As discussed above, the Department's use of these factors is the proper
procedure to use under the statute. This shows the decision was not unreasonable,
arbitrary, or capricious.

Second, the Department did not fail to consider an important aspect of the
problem. The Spa argues the Department reached the incorrect result. Outside of the
contention that the Department applied the incorrect test, which is discussed and rejected
above, there is no contention that the Department failed to consider important aspects of
the problem. The Department considered the right to control test based upon all of the
circumstances in the light of the eight-factor test that it was required to do by statute. This
factor favors a conclusion that the Department determination was proper.

22

Third, the Department's determination does not run counter to the evidence before
it. As we stated earlier, the Department had substantial evidence for its conclusion.
Because substantial evidence supports the Department's determination, this factor favors
a conclusion that the determination was proper.

Finally, the Department's explanation was not implausible. The evidence here does
not provide a clear answer to whether the workers are employees or independent
contractors. Facts exist that could support either conclusion. While there may be a
difference of opinion concerning the status of the workers, the Department is vested with
the discretion to make this determination. This court will not substitute our opinion for
the Department's determination. Coonce v. Garner, 38 Kan. App. 2d 523, 531, 167 P.3d
801 (2007).

Ultimately, the Department's decision was reasonable. The integration of the
workers into the Spa's business, the testimony that the workers had a set schedule, all
money was first collected by the Spa and then given to the workers, the noncompete
clause, the no-assignment clause, and the advertising clause could lead a reasonable
person to conclude that the Spa had the right to exercise control over the means and end
of the services being performed. The Legislature has given the authority for the
Department to make the determination concerning the status of workers. The Spa has not
met its burden of showing the Department's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or
capricious.

Affirmed.