State v. Fielden

1
No. 95,798
1


IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL EDWARD FIELDEN,
Appellant.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
Whether a defendant will be tried on separate charges in a single trial is a matter
within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that
discretion.

2.
If multiple charges are based on two or more transactions connected together or
constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, joinder of the charges for a single trial is
proper under K.S.A. 22-3202(1).

3.
Our courts assume it is within a jury's capacity to follow instructions and assess a
defendant's guilt or innocence solely on the evidence.
2
4.
Reversible error based on prosecutorial misconduct must show the alleged error
denied the defendant his or her right to a fair trial under the Fourteen Amendment to the
United States Constitution.

5.
Although a contemporaneous objection is generally required to preserve for appeal
an issue of improper statements made in closing argument, a trial court has a duty to
protect the defendant's right to a fair trial by preventing the occurrence of prosecutorial
misconduct regardless of whether a timely objection was made.

6.
A two-step process is used to analyze allegations of prosecutorial misconduct.
First, an appellate court must answer whether the comments were outside the wide
latitude for language and manner that a prosecutor is allowed when discussing the
evidence. The second step requires the court to decide whether the prosecutor's remarks
constitute plain error, i.e., whether the statements are so gross and flagrant as to prejudice
the jury against the defendant and deny the defendant a fair trial.


3
7.
Factors to consider under the second step are whether the comments show ill will
by the prosecutor, whether the evidence against the defendant was so overwhelming that
the prosecutor's misconduct had little or no likelihood to have changed the result of the
trial, and whether the trial court sanctioned the comment.

Appeal from Johnson District Court; JOHN P. BENNETT, judge. Opinion filed
February 23, 2007. Affirmed.

Randy R. McCalla, of Law Offices of Randy R. McCalla, P.A., of Olathe, for
appellant.

Amanda Voth, legal intern, Steven J. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Paul J.
Morrison, district attorney, and Phill Kline, attorney general, for appellee.

Before McANANY, P.J., PIERRON, J., and BUKATY, S.J.

PIERRON, J.: Michael Edward Fielden appeals jury convictions on two counts of
violation of a protection from abuse order.

4
Jennifer Copeland is the ex-wife of Fielden. On May 21, 2003, a protection from
abuse order was issued for Copeland against Fielden. Because Fielden was violent,
Copeland asked the court to order him to stay away from her and their 5-year-old son.

Robert Stephenson, a chief investigator to the Intelligence and Investigations Unit
at Norton Correctional Facility (NCF), served the order on Fielden personally in a
segregation unit on October 24, 2003. Fielden denied receiving or signing the order at
NCF.

Earlier in 2003, Copeland had reported that Fielden had been contacting her in
violation of the protective order, and Stephenson drafted a document titled "Order of
Cease Contact of Correspondence" and served it on Fielden on September 5, 2003. This
document was State's Exhibit No. 4, which is not in the record on appeal.

On December 12, 2003, Copeland received a phone call at home from Fielden,
who was in the Lansing Correctional Facility (LCF). Copeland reported the phone call
to police, and Alicia Duncan, a community service officer, confirmed the existence of the
protective order and its service on Fielden on October 24, 2003, while incarcerated at
NCF. Fielden claimed that when he called Copeland he did not know about the
protective order in effect. This incident is the basis for the charge filed in Case No.
5
04DV123 of one count of violation of a protective order for making a phone call to
Copeland.

On July 30, 2004, Deputy Anthony Bartkoski of the Johnson County Sheriff's
Office served Fielden with another protective order at the courthouse.

On September 11, 2004, Copeland was in the front yard of her home with her son,
her sister, a friend, and their children. They saw a suspicious van pass the house several
times. Copeland realized the driver was Fielden. He drove the van to the end of the
street, parked at a nearby apartment complex, and watched Copeland and the others for a
few minutes. He then drove back by Copeland's house, honked a few times, and waved
his hands at them.

Copeland called the police, and Officer John Douglass arrested Fielden at his
home. Fielden claimed he had inadvertently driven by Copeland's house while returning
home from his best friend's house who lived near Copeland. Fielden stated he had
parked at his friend's apartment complex, honked the horn but nobody came to the door,
so he decided to go home. Fielden admitted he was afraid for Copeland to see him but
denied making any gestures toward her. According to Fielden, he drove slowly because
of heavy traffic, a train crossing, and a bad dip in on the street. This is the factual basis
6
of Case No. 04DV1258, which charged Fielden with two counts of violation of a
protective order for his actions on September 11, 2004.

On September 13, 2004, Copeland appeared in court, stating she wanted no contact
from Fielden. Within 20 minutes after returning home, Copeland received a collect
phone call at 4:13 p.m. from Fielden, who stated he just had one last thing he wanted to
say to her; Copeland hung up. Copeland reported the call to police. Officer Eric
Hardman checked her caller ID and went to the county jail to speak with Fielden.

Officer Hardman found that Fielden had been out of his cell making a phone call at
the time Copeland received a call from him. Hardman explained to Fielden there was a
protection from abuse order against him and he was prohibited from contacting Copeland.
Fielden became extremely upset, screaming and cursing at Hardman. Fielden said,
"'Fuck Olathe, fuck you and fuck anybody involved. What the fuck are you going to do
with me? Put me in jail? What are you going to do, give me another $100,000 bond?'"
When Hardman decided to leave, Fielden came up a foot away from him, yelling and
cursing. Deputies came into the room and took Fielden to his cell.

Officer Hardman learned that Copeland reported two more phone calls from
Fielden at 5:46 p.m. and 5:48 p.m. from the county jail. Fielden was charged with three
7
counts of protective order violation for his phone calls to Copeland made on September
13, 2004, in Case No. 04DV12.

The State filed a motion to consolidate the cases, stating the victim was the same,
the underlying protection from abuse order was the same, and the cases occurred in close
sequence of time. The trial court granted the consolidation. Fielden filed a motion to
consolidate two counts in Case No. 04DV1258 and three counts in Case No. 04DV1267
because those counts merged and should be considered as single acts.

Fielden's defense at trial was that he did not have notice of the protective order
when he made the telephone call to Copeland on December 12, 2003. He alleged that
Copeland had overreacted to his actions on September 11, 2004, and driving on the public
street was not a prohibited contact. Fielden also claimed the State had failed to show that
he was the caller on September 13, 2004.

The trial court dismissed the second count in Case No. 04DV1258 and two counts
in Case No. 04DV1267, so that the jury was to consider one count each in three cases.
The jury found Fielden not guilty in Case No. 04DV123 and guilty in Case Nos.
04DV1258 and 04DV1267. Fielden was sentenced to two consecutive jail terms of 12
months for each conviction.
8

Fielden first argues his due process rights were violated when the trial court joined
the three cases for a single jury trial.

Whether a defendant will be tried on separate charges in a single trial is a matter
within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that
discretion. If reasonable persons could differ about the propriety of the trial court's
decision, the appellate court will not find an abuse of discretion. If the multiple charges
are based on two or more transactions connected together or constituting parts of a
common scheme or plan, joinder is proper under K.S.A. 22-3202(1). State v. Anthony,
257 Kan. 1003, 1016, 898 P.2d 1109 (1995).

Fielden does not argue that his cases were joined in violation of the requirements
in K.S.A. 22-3202 or K.S.A. 22-3203, nor does he claim that inadmissible evidence was
introduced in violation of K.S.A. 60-455. Instead, he argues that even in compliance
with the statutory requirements, the trial court violated his due process rights in
presenting the jury "with an extensive reminder that [Fielden] had served time in a State
penitentiary."

9
Fielden points out that five of the State's first six witnesses were employed by
either NCF or LCF, giving a strong impression that Fielden had been incarcerated.
Under these circumstances, Fielden argues "the jury was as likely to infer that because
[Fielden's] prior criminal history was serious enough to land him in a State penal
institution, his propensity for engaging in criminal conduct must have been sufficient to
cause him to commit the offenses alleged in 04DV1258 and 04DV1267 regardless of the
sufficiency of the evidence in 04DV123." Fielden relies on Bean v. Calderon, 163 F.3d
1073 (9th Cir. 1998), for the proposition that his right to a fair trial was violated by the
joining of three cases into a single trial.

Bean had been convicted of two counts of first-degree murder, robbery, and
burglary as to two separate victims, Schatz and Fox. After Bean's convictions were
affirmed by the California Supreme Court, he filed a habeas corpus action in federal
court. The Bean court noted that the Fox case was relatively weak compared to the
evidence in the Schatz case, and the joinder of the weak case with the strong case
permitted the jury to infer criminal propensity. 163 F.3d at 1083.

The Bean court concluded that Bean's right to a fair trial was violated because of
the risk of undue prejudice which occurs in joinder when evidence of other crimes is
introduced. 163 F.3d at 1085. However, Fielden argues that this is not the issue that he
10
raises. In Bean, the real danger of criminal propensity was shown because the jury might
have concluded that Bean was guilty of the weaker case due to a propensity to murder
evidenced in the stronger case. On the other hand, Fielden's argument of criminal
propensity is not shown in the fact that he committed two stronger cases but the fact that
the evidence was introduced that he was incarcerated when he allegedly committed the
crime in the weaker case.

The jury was instructed to consider each charge separately on the evidence and law
applicable to it, uninfluenced by its decision as to any other charge. Our courts assume it
is within a jury's capacity to follow instructions and assess a defendant's guilt or
innocence solely on the evidence. In re Habeas Corpus Petition of Minnis, 29 Kan. App.
2d 644, 648, 29 P.3d 462 (2001), rev. denied 272 Kan. 1035 (2002). In fact, the jury
found Fielden not guilty of the charge in Case No. 04DV123. Unlike Bean, this is a case
"where acquittal on one joined charge establishes that the jury successfully
compartmentalized the evidence." 163 F.3d at 1085.

Fielden argues the evidence that he was an ex-convict, combined with the fact that
his main witness was incarcerated at the time of the trial was prejudicial. It was the
defense's decision to call the witnesses, and in direct examination, the witness who was
wearing prison attire stated his incarceration had nothing to do with this case. Fielden
11
also argues that an additional factor of the prosecutor's inflammatory statements regarding
Fielden's outburst against Officer Hardman deprived him of his right to a fair trial. This
argument is discussed more thoroughly in the next issue. Under these circumstances,
there was no violation of Fielden's constitutional right to a fair trial in joining three cases
into a single trial.

Fielden next argues that the prosecutor's improper statements made during opening
and closing arguments prejudiced him, denying him his right to a fair trial.

Reversible error based on prosecutorial misconduct must show the alleged error
denied the defendant his or her right to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment.
State v. Davis, 275 Kan. 107, 121-22, 61 P.3d 701 (2003). Although a contemporaneous
objection is generally required to preserve for appeal an issue of improper statements
made in closing argument, a trial court has a duty to protect the defendant's right to a fair
trial by preventing the occurrence of prosecutorial misconduct regardless of whether
timely objection was made. See State v. Holmes, 272 Kan. 491, 498, 33 P.3d 856 (2001).

A two-step process is used to analyze allegations of prosecutorial misconduct.
First, we must answer whether the comments were outside the wide latitude for language
and manner that a prosecutor is allowed when discussing the evidence. The second step
12
requires the court to decide whether the prosecutor's remarks constitute plain error, i.e.,
whether the statements are so gross and flagrant as to prejudice the jury against the
defendant and deny the defendant a fair trial, requiring reversal. Davis, 275 Kan. at 121.
Factors to consider under the second step are whether the comments show ill will by the
prosecutor, whether the evidence against the defendant was so overwhelming that the
prosecutor's misconduct had little or no likelihood to have changed the result of the trial,
and whether the trial court sanctioned the comment. State v. Scott, 271 Kan. 103, 115,
21 P.3d 516, cert. denied 534 U.S. 1047 (2001).

First, Fielden complains the prosecutor began her opening statement by describing
the incident of Fielden's conversation with Officer Hardman and gave an impression to
the jury that he was "belligerent and potentially dangerous." Fielden complains the
prosecutor's mentioning and repeating of his conversation with Hardman during the
opening statement was prejudicial.

The opening statement is given for the purposes of assisting the jury in
understanding what each side expects its evidence at trial will prove and to advise the jury
what questions will be presented for its decision. The tendency is to permit a prosecutor
reasonable latitude in stating to the jury the facts he or she proposes to prove. State v.
McCorkendale, 267 Kan. 263, 277, 979 P.2d 1239 (1999).
13
Fielden complains that the evidence of his actions and words to Officer Hardman
were so obviously prejudicial that any probative value was simply outweighed by the
potential prejudice. The record does not show that Fielden objected to the admission of
this evidence when Hardman testified at trial. The only objection was to the introduction
of the tape recording of the conversation, which was granted. The admission of the
evidence in question is not properly before this court. See State v. Torres, 280 Kan. 309,
319, 121 P.3d 429 (2005) (timely and specific objection for the admission of evidence is
necessary to preserve the issue for appeal).

Second, Fielden complains the following statements in closing argument were
improper and prejudicial because they appealed to the emotions and sympathies of the
jurors:

"It's a strict violation and the reason is because [Fielden] hurts [Copeland],
he has hurt her before and because of that conduct, the court, over and over
again, said not even to be around her."

"And the peace that Jennifer Copeland and [her son] are entitled to will only
come with you guilty verdicts, three of them. He did it three times. Tell
Jennifer Copeland it's all right. And the law will require him to do what he
doesn't have the courage to do himself which is to give her and allow her to
have a life."

14
Fielden complains that the above-quoted statements appealed to the emotions and
sympathies of the jurors and mischaracterized the evidence. It is true that there was no
evidence presented that Fielden was physically violent to Copeland, and the prosecutor
did not argue that he was. The only incident which the prosecutor mentioned during the
opening and closing arguments which gave an impression that Fielden might be a violent
and dangerous man was the confrontation with Officer Hardman. As discussed
previously, it was not improper to discuss the evidence of the case during the arguments.

The charge of violation of protection from abuse order did not require Fielden to
have an intent to harass, threaten, or harm Copeland; rather, the State must prove Fielden
knowingly or intentionally violated the protective order. The prosecutor's comments
explain why Copeland was under the protective order applicable to Fielden. The
prosecutor's arguments may be categorized as appealing to the jury's emotion; however,
they were still within the wide latitude allowed in the closing argument.

When viewed in light of the record as a whole, these comments were not so gross
and flagrant as to prejudice the jury against Fielden and deny him a fair trial. See
McCorkendale, 267 Kan. at 279. The trial court dismissed the multiple counts from the
cases, and the jury acquitted him of one of the three charges.

15
These alleged instances of misconduct were not misconduct at all but rather
permissible argument or admissible evidence based on the facts of this case. There was
no evidence of ill will by the prosecutor or a concerted effort to deny Fielden a fair trial.
Fielden was not denied of his right to a fair trial.

Affirmed.
1
REPORTER'S NOTE: Previously filed as an unpublished opinion, the Supreme Court granted
a motion to publish pursuant to Rule 7.04 (2008 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 53). The published version
was filed with the Clerk of the Appellate Courts on October 8, 2009.