State v. Dority

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No. 110,026

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

JOHN ARTHUR DORITY,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
When examining the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, the standard of
review is whether, after reviewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. An appellate court does not reweigh the
evidence, assess the credibility of the witnesses, or resolve conflicting evidence.

2.
Alternative means jurisprudence developed as a method of ensuring a criminal
defendant's statutory right to a unanimous jury verdict. The same jury unanimity concerns
do not apply when evidence is presented to a single factfinder, as in a bench trial.

3.
A trial judge, as the factfinder in a bench trial, is not allowed to use his or her
special knowledge of a particular subject to decide an issue without hearing evidence to
support the judge's findings. However, a trial judge is allowed to use his or her common
knowledge and experience to determine the credibility of a witness and assess the weight
of a witness' testimony.

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Appeal from Shawnee District Court; PHILIP L. SIEVE, judge. Opinion filed May 16, 2014.
Affirmed.

Brett W. Berry, of The Law Office of Sarah J. Loquist, P.A., of Topeka, for appellant.

Chadwick J. Taylor, district attorney, Jodi Litfin, assistant district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.

Before MALONE, C.J., HILL and ARNOLD-BURGER, JJ.

MALONE, C.J.: John Arthur Dority appeals his convictions of domestic battery
and endangering a child. Dority argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his
convictions. He also argues that he did not receive a fair trial due to the trial judge's
preconceived stereotype of domestic violence victims. For the reasons set forth herein,
we affirm the district court's judgment.

On the afternoon of May 2, 2012, Kimberly Scourten called for an ambulance and
she and her 4-month-old daughter, T.D., went to the hospital so that medical personnel
could check T.D. for possible head trauma. While at the hospital, Scourten told police
that she had been involved in an argument with Dority, her boyfriend and T.D.'s father.
Scourten seemed upset at the hospital and looked as though she had been crying.

Officer Eric Seibel of the Topeka Police Department interviewed Scourten at the
hospital. Scourten told Seibel that she and Dority had been yelling at each other at their
home and that she went into the living room, picked up T.D., and sat down on the couch.
Scourten reported that when she began to stand up, Dority shoved her back down onto the
couch. When she started to stand up again, Dority shoved her from behind, knocked T.D.
out of her hands and onto the floor, and hit Scourten in the back of the head.

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Officer Alexander Wall also spoke with Scourten, who told him that Dority had
pushed her down as she tried to get off the couch and that she and T.D. both fell to the
floor. Scourten told Wall that the bruise on T.D.'s head came from T.D. landing on the
ground after Dority pushed Scourten. Wall spoke with Dority that night as well. Dority
told Wall that he had argued with Scourten, that she had pushed and shoved him, and that
he had used his body to shield T.D., who was on the couch. At first, Dority said that he
was unaware T.D. was hurt, but he then told Wall that T.D.'s injury probably occurred
from Dority making contact with T.D. while trying to protect her from Scourten.

Dority was arrested for domestic battery, and Scourten helped him post bond. The
next day, Scourten went to the district attorney's office and filled out a "Request to
Modify Contact" form in which she stated that Dority "did not mean to do this (shove
me) with our daughter in my hands." On July 16, 2012, the State charged Dority with one
count of domestic battery and one count of endangering a child. The domestic battery
charge was alternatively based on intentional or reckless conduct.

At the bench trial on March 5, 2013, Scourten's testimony differed from what she
had told Seibel and Wall at the hospital. Scourten testified that she and Dority had an
argument on the day in question, during which she put T.D. on the couch. Dority picked
up T.D. and, when Scourten handed him a bottle, began to feed T.D. Scourten testified
that she hit Dority while he was feeding T.D. After Scourten hit Dority, he left their
home, at which time T.D. began rubbing her head and crying. Scourten stated that T.D.
had fallen off the couch 2 days earlier, so when she saw T.D. rubbing her head, she
became concerned and called an in-home nurse who worked with the family. The nurse
told Scourten to take T.D. to the emergency room in case T.D.'s actions were related to
her previous fall off the couch.

Regarding her statements to the police at the hospital, Scourten largely recanted
them. She testified that she did not tell police that Dority shoved her and that she did not
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recall telling police that T.D. fell out of her arms and onto the floor. Moreover, Scourten
stated that she did not recall Dority trying to shove her, Dority knocking T.D. out of her
hands, or T.D. hitting her head. Concerning the form on which she wrote that Dority had
shoved her, Scourten stated that she had filled it out incorrectly because she was in a
hurry to get to the bank before it closed to obtain money for Dority's bond. Finally,
Scourten testified that she and Dority were still together.

Seibel testified for the State, as did Wall; both officers recounted what Scourten
had told them on the day in question. Additionally, Seibel testified that Scourten never
told him that she had hit Dority or that she had caused T.D.'s bruise. He testified that
Scourten's version of events as she related it on the day in question was consistent with
T.D.'s injuries and he believed it was accurate.

Dority testified on his own behalf, stating that although he could not remember
what the argument was about, Scourten had hit him on the back of the head while he was
holding T.D., at which point he placed T.D. on the couch and walked out the door to give
Scourten time to cool down. Dority explicitly denied having physical contact with
Scourten; he testified that he did not hit her, did not bump her, did not jostle her, did not
brush past her, and did not threaten her. He also denied harming T.D. in any way.

After hearing the evidence, the district court found Dority guilty as charged. In
rendering the verdict, the trial judge commented that based on his experience in this type
of case, it is common for victims of domestic violence to recant their initial police reports
when testifying at trial. The trial judge found that Scourten's version of events that she
gave to the police was far more persuasive than her testimony at trial. The district court
sentenced Dority to a total of 18 months in jail but placed him on probation. Dority
timely appealed the district court's judgment.

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On appeal, Dority argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his
convictions. Regarding his domestic battery conviction, Dority contends that domestic
battery is an alternative means crime and that the State failed to introduce sufficient
evidence to convict him of each alternative means of committing the crime. Dority also
argues that the conflicting and inconsistent nature of the testimony was insufficient to
convict him of both charges beyond a reasonable doubt.

"'When examining the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, the standard of
review is whether, after reviewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.' [Citation omitted.] An appellate court
does not reweigh the evidence, assess the credibility of the witnesses, or resolve
conflicting evidence. [Citation omitted.]" State v. Lowrance, 298 Kan. 274, 296, 312 P.3d
328 (2013).

Initially, Dority points out that the domestic battery charge was alternatively based
on intentional or reckless conduct and that the State failed to introduce sufficient
evidence to convict him of each alternative means of committing the crime. In response,
the State asserts that alternative means jurisprudence is inapplicable in instances, such as
here, where there was a bench trial instead of a jury trial.

Our Supreme Court has stated that alternative means jurisprudence stems from a
concern for jury unanimity:

"In State v. Timley, 255 Kan. 286, 289, 875 P.2d 242 (1994) (quoting State v.
Kitchen, 110 Wash. 2d 403, 410, 756 P.2d 105 [1988]), this court established that
'"[W]here a single offense may be committed in more than one way, there must be jury
unanimity as to guilt for the single crime charged."' . . . Recently, the majority in State v.
Wright, 290 Kan. 194, 201, 206, 224 P.3d 1159 (2010), reiterated that jury unanimity is
statutorily required in Kansas and explained that the alternative means rule and super-
sufficiency requirement emanating from Timley 'is the only choice to ensure a criminal
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defendant's statutory entitlement to jury unanimity.'" State v. Foster, 298 Kan. 348, 352-
53, 312 P.3d 364 (2013).

Specifically, this court has noted that "alternative means jurisprudence developed
as a method of ensuring a criminal defendant's statutory right to a unanimous jury verdict.
[Citation omitted.] The same jury unanimity concerns do not apply when evidence is
presented to a single factfinder, as in a bench trial. [Citation omitted.]" In re C.T., No.
107,841, 2012 WL 5205752, at *4 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion); see also
State v. Kennedy, No. 106,728, 2012 WL 4678927, at *2 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished
opinion) (alternative means issue inapplicable when defendant was convicted at bench
trial and there was no issue of jury unanimity); City of Pittsburg v. Witty, No. 101,251,
2009 WL 2436695, at *1 (Kan. App. 2009) (unpublished opinion) (same).

Here, as in the cases cited above, there was only one factfinder: the district court
judge. Because this was a bench trial, jury unanimity was not a concern in this case.
Accordingly, Dority's alternative means argument is inapplicable.

Dority also argues that the conflicting and inconsistent nature of the testimony
given by Scourten, Wall, and Seibel rendered it impossible for a rational factfinder to
have found him guilty of the crimes. Specifically, Dority points out that Seibel and Wall
were not present for the argument between Scourten and Dority; rather, the officers
talked with Scourten and Dority after the fact. Additionally, Scourten and Dority both
testified at trial that Scourten shoved Dority, not the other way around.

As the State responds, Dority is asking this court to reweigh the evidence and the
witnesses' credibility. This court does not undertake such tasks. See Lowrance, 298 Kan.
at 296. Dority does not contend that the State failed to meet the specific elements of
either crime. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, there was
sufficient evidence to support Dority's convictions.
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Next, Dority argues that he did not receive a fair trial due to the trial judge's stated
beliefs about domestic violence victims. In rendering his verdicts on the two charges, the
trial judge stated, in part:

"So it's up to this Court to decide, as best it can, which version of the incident is
the most persuasive and as I've said before, we tell juries that when they are acting as
finders of fact, as I am in this case, they can use common knowledge and experience
about which a witness has testified to. And using my common knowledge and experience
. . . , I can say it is absolutely not uncommon for the victims in these kinds of cases to
come in at the time of trial and totally change their story around and say either they
didn't tell the police what the police say they told them or that they were not being
truthful for some other motive or whatever and that, in fact, none of this violence took
place.
"And so I don't find that particularly persuasive at all, particularly when the
physical evidence, State's Exhibits 2, 3, the photos, and then 4, the statement that was
made the following day at the district attorney's office, all are consistent with the
testimony of the police officers as to what the victim from the crime, alleged victim
actually told them and I can find, with no problem at all, that she told the police what
they said she told them. . . .
"And that being the case, I think her version that she gave to the police, by far
and away, is far more persuasive of what actually took place. I have no problem
whatsoever finding beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant guilty on both counts . . . of
the charging document and so that is my verdict on each of these counts." (Emphasis
added.)

Dority points to the one sentence in which the trial judge commented that based on
his experience in this type of case, it is common for victims of domestic violence to
recant their initial police reports when testifying at trial. Dority claims the district court
improperly relied on personal knowledge about domestic violence victims instead of
relying on the evidence provided at trial. A district court abuses its discretion when it
relies upon facts that are not supported by substantial evidence in the record. State v.
Bogguess, 293 Kan. 743, 753, 268 P.3d 481 (2012).
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Dority cites State v. Prewitt, No. 106,725, 2013 WL 646480 (Kan. App. 2013)
(unpublished opinion) for support. In that case, this court found that a district court erred
by allowing improper testimony about the "cycle of violence"—a recurrent pattern of
violence and reconciliation in which a victim often recants complaints after reconciliation
with his or her abuser—to explain the change in story by an alleged victim of domestic
violence. However, Prewitt is distinguishable because it dealt with the admission of
specific evidence and found that a police officer's testimony about the cycle of violence
was inapplicable and irrelevant where there was no testimony of any prior abuse. 2013
WL 646480, at *4. Here, there was no testimony about a cycle of violence. Instead, the
trial judge explicitly stated that he was relying upon his own common knowledge and
experience to make a credibility determination and assess the weight of the evidence.

Although not cited by either party, we find two unpublished opinions by this court
to be instructive. In Lambert v. Cromer, No. 98,906, 2008 WL 2370076, at *2 (Kan. App.
2008) (unpublished opinion), this court reversed the judgment of the district court after
finding that the trial judge "relied directly on his own special knowledge to decide the
case." The lawsuit stemmed from an incident in which the plaintiff hit a cow with his
truck while driving on a highway. The plaintiff sued the cow's owner, and, after a bench
trial, the district court ruled in the plaintiff's favor. The trial judge wrote in his opinion
that the judge had grown up on a farm that included cattle, held a Bachelor of Science
degree in agriculture, managed a family farming operation that included making
decisions about maintaining and replacing fences, and bought and sold cattle on his own
account.

In reversing the judgment, this court noted that there was no direct evidence that
the defendant was negligent in maintaining his pasture fence. 2008 WL 2370076, at *1.
This court found that the trial judge essentially had "provided the equivalent of expert
testimony about the behavior of cattle and what a 'good caretaker' would do to keep cattle
within a fenced area." 2008 WL 2370076, at *1. This court found that the trial judge had
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gone too far in relying upon his special knowledge of a particular subject to decide the
case but noted that judges may use common knowledge and experience to resolve factual
disputes. 2008 WL 2370076, at *1.

In In re Marriage of Henry, No. 105,861, 2012 WL 1450489, at *4 (Kan. App.
2012) (unpublished opinion), this court reviewed a district court's child-custody
determination. When delivering his decision, the trial judge stated:

"I will tell you that having been on the bench 14 years, I have seen many
situations, many instances in which people who are either out-of-state or they only get
summer visitation, they will end up filing a motion at some time right before the end of
that summer to try to change custody, and that's always kind of a red flag for me . . . ."
2012 WL 1450489, at *2.

On appeal, the petitioner cited Lambert and argued that the trial judge improperly
relied upon his personal experience. The Henry court distinguished the cases, however,
by pointing out (1) the Lambert judge "relied on specialized training and expertise gained
outside the courtroom" while the Henry judge "merely noted a situation he had
encountered many times during 14 years as a judge"; (2) although "an expert witness
would have been required to testify about the reasonable practices of maintaining pasture-
land fences, no expert would be needed to say that it can be a 'red flag' when a parent
tries to change custody right before that parent's summer parenting time is coming to an
end"; and (3) the judge in Henry did not indicate that he based his decision on the
knowledge at issue—he properly considered the statutory factors implicated in child-
custody determinations. 2012 WL 1450489, at *4.

Lambert and Henry stand for the proposition that a trial judge, as the factfinder in
a bench trial, is not allowed to use his or her special knowledge of a particular subject to
decide an issue without hearing evidence to support the judge's findings. However, a trial
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judge is allowed to use his or her common knowledge and experience to determine the
credibility of a witness and assess the weight of a witness' testimony.

The facts of the case at hand follow Henry much more closely than Lambert. As in
Henry, the judge here merely noted a situation he had encountered previously in cases
involving domestic battery. Additionally, as in Henry, an expert witness would not be
required to testify that it is common for a domestic violence victim to change his or her
story prior to trial. This belief did not represent specialized knowledge or expertise
personal to the trial judge. Finally, and importantly, the trial judge indicated that he was
not basing his guilty verdicts solely on his common knowledge and experience about
domestic violence victims. The trial judge also indicated that he was considering the
physical evidence, including the photographs of the injuries and the written statement that
Scourten made at the district attorney's office the day after the incident. Considering all
the evidence, the trial judge found that Scourten's version of events that she gave to the
police was far more persuasive than her testimony at trial.

We conclude that Dority was not denied a fair trial due to the trial judge's stated
beliefs about domestic violence victims. Indeed, almost 10 years ago, while determining
whether prior inconsistent statements of a witness can be used as substantive evidence to
prove the elements of a crime, this court noted that "victims of domestic violence often
recant their initial statements to police." State v. Coppage, 34 Kan. App. 2d 776, 782, 124
P.3d 511 (2005). This is the sort of common knowledge that a factfinder is allowed to use
to make his or her credibility determinations. Here, the trial judge used his common
knowledge and experience to explain why he found the police officers' testimony to be
more credible than Scourten's testimony. But there was additional evidence to support the
verdicts beyond a reasonable doubt, and Dority is not entitled to receive a new trial based
on the trial judge's statement about domestic violence victims.

Affirmed.