IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 91,007
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
RICHARD H. CHAMBERLAIN,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. A diversion agreement is the specification of formal terms and conditions which a defendant must fulfill in order to have the charges against him or her dismissed. No defendant shall be required to enter any plea to a criminal charge as a condition for diversion. Entering into a diversion agreement pursuant to K.S.A. 12-4413 et seq. or K.S.A. 22-2906 et seq., and amendments thereto, shall not constitute plea bargaining. Diversion is, therefore, a means to avoid a judgment of criminal guilt.
2. If the defendant has fulfilled the terms of the diversion agreement, the district court shall dismiss with prejudice the criminal charges filed against the defendant. The city, county, or district attorney shall forward to the Kansas Bureau of Investigation and the Kansas Department of Revenue Division of Vehicles a record of the fact that a defendant did or did not fulfill the terms of a diversion agreement. The record shall be made available upon request to any city, county, or district attorney or court. Diversions are not counted as part of a defendant's criminal history. Kansas courts have applied contract principles when interpreting diversion agreements.
3. The constitutionality of a statute is presumed, all doubts must be resolved in favor of its validity, and before the statute may be stricken it must clearly appear the statute violates the Constitution. In determining constitutionality, it is the court's duty to uphold a statute under attack rather than defeat it, and if there is any reasonable way to construe the statute as constitutionally valid, that should be done. A challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is a question of law, and this court has unlimited review.
4. The United States Supreme Court has set forth four categories of ex post facto violations: (1) Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action; (2) every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed; (3) every law that changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the crime, when committed; and (4) every law that alters the legal rules of evidence and receives less or different testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense in order to convict the offender.
5. In order for a law to be considered ex post facto, two elements must be present: (1) The law must be retrospective, applying to events occurring before its enactment and (2) it must alter the definition of criminal conduct or increase the penalty by which a crime is punishable. Stated another way, the law must be retrospective, applying to events occurring before its enactment, and it must disadvantage the offender affected by it. The critical question in evaluating an ex post facto claim is whether the law changes the legal consequences of acts completed before its effective date.
6. The use of prior convictions or diversions under K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(3), now K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 8-1567(m)(3), does not attempt to establish criminal liability or punishment where there is none; rather, a showing of prior convictions goes only to the question of a defendant's classification status. The prior convictions or diversions give the defendant a classification, and the statute prescribes sequentially increased punishment on his or her present crime for repeat offenders. A repeat offender is not punished for the prior offense or offenses, but the legislature has declared that repeated violations justify an enhanced penalty.
7. Our decision in City of Norton v. Hurt, 275 Kan. 521, 66 P.3d 870 (2003), is applicable to and controls the disposition of this case. K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(3), does not operate retroactively to increase the penalty for a defendant's prior driving under the influence (DUI) offense, nor does it redefine a prior diversion as a criminal conviction. Instead, the amended statute became effective prior to the defendant's 2002 DUI violation and increased the penalty applicable to the 2002 violation only. Because the amendment does not affect the defendant's actions prior to its effective date, the amended DUI statute is not an ex post facto law.
8. The determination of whether a statute violates the United States Constitution is a question of law over which we have unlimited review.
9. Article I, § 10 of the United States Constitution provides that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligations of contracts. The Contract Clause of the Constitution was thus adopted and has been construed to prevent the States from passing any statute which alleviates the commitment of one party to a contract or which interferes with the enforcement of a contract.
10. The test for determining whether a state law violates the Contract Clause is whether: (1) The state law has, in fact, operated as a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship; (2) there is a significant and legitimate public purpose behind the legislation; and (3) the adjustment of the contracting parties' rights and responsibilities is based upon reasonable conditions and is of a character appropriate to the public purpose justifying the legislation's adoption.
11. Where a contract is between a political subdivision of a state and a private individual, settled principles of construction require that the obligation alleged to have been impaired be clearly and unequivocally expressed. Moreover, just as no person has a vested right in any general rule of law or policy of legislation entitling him or her to insist that it shall remain unchanged for his or her benefit, an immunity from a change in the general rules of law will not ordinarily be implied as an unexpressed term into an express contract.
12. A DUI diversion agreement carries with it the implied condition that the State, under its police powers, might amend the law or enact new laws that could affect the agreement. Legislation to protect the public safety falls within this reserved power. Because of the State's strong interest in regulating the driving of motor vehicles and the clear evidence of the havoc rendered by drunk drivers, the State has legitimate police power to amend or enact laws designed to penalize and deter persons from driving after consuming alcohol or drugs.
Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed September 3, 2004. Appeal from Johnson district court, JOHN ANDERSON, III, judge. Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district court is affirmed. Opinion filed September 30, 2005.
R. Kent Sellers, of Lathrop & Gage, L.C., of Kansas City, Missouri, argued the cause, and Robb Edmonds, of Bath & Edmonds, P.A., of Overland Park, Kansas, was with him on the briefs for appellant.
Steven J. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Paul J. Morrison, district attorney, and Phill Kline, attorney general, were with him on the briefs for appellee.
Randall J. Forbes, of Frieden, Haynes & Forbes, of Topeka, Kansas, was on the brief for amicus curiae Kansas Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
DAVIS, J.: Richard H. Chamberlain petitions this court for review of the Court of Appeals' decision in State v. Chamberlain, No. 91,007, unpublished opinion filed September 3, 2004. The Court of Appeals affirmed his conviction and sentence for a third driving under the influence (DUI) offense, an unclassified nonperson felony under K.S.A. 8-1567(f) and (l)(3). He contends that the use of his prior diversion agreements to enhance his sentence under 8-1567 violated the Ex Post Facto and Contract Clauses of the United States Constitution. We granted the defendant's petition for review under K.S.A. 20-3018(b), and we affirm his conviction and sentence.
On March 22, 2002, the defendant was charged with DUI after two prior convictions for conduct committed on March 1, 2002. The defendant had previously entered into two DUI diversion agreements on February 27, 1986, and September 11, 2001.
The defendant moved to dismiss or, in the alternative, deny the State's use of a prior diversion agreement to enhance his sentence or classify his crime. He argued that the 2001 amendment to 8-1567, see L. 2001, ch. 200, sec. 14, which classified his 1986 diversion as a prior conviction, was an unconstitutional violation of the Ex Post Facto and Contract Clauses of the United States Constitution. See U.S. Const. Art. I, § § 9, 10. The trial court denied his motion and on stipulated facts found the defendant guilty of DUI in violation of K.S.A. 8-1567. The defendant was sentenced to 12 months of probation with an underlying prison term of 12 months, commencing with 7 days in custody followed by 83 days of house arrest.
In addressing the defendant's ex post facto sentencing argument, the Court of Appeals, like the trial court, relied upon City of Norton v. Hurt, 275 Kan. 521, 66 P.3d 870 (2003), wherein this court rejected this same argument based upon an enhanced sentence after a second DUI municipal offense. In rejecting his Contract Clause argument, the Court of Appeals found that there were no express limitations on future use and no provisions incorporating current statutes into the 1986 diversion agreement, making it impossible to determine the extent to which the defendant relied on such limitations as a factor in entering into the diversion agreement. The Court of Appeals then concluded that even if the 1986 statute, K.S.A. 1986 Supp. 8-1567(j)(3), would be read into the diversion agreement, the defendant still failed to show that his contract rights were impaired because the DUI statute was still based upon his current conviction, not past convictions, and the law placed no limitations on any prior diversion agreement.
Diversions Under Kansas Law
Resolution of the constitutional issues raised in this case first requires a brief review of diversions under Kansas law. In Kansas, after a complaint charging a defendant with the commission of a crime has been filed but before a conviction, the State may propose a diversion agreement. K.S.A. 22-2907(1); see K.S.A. 12-4414(a). A diversion agreement is "the specification of formal terms and conditions which a defendant must fulfill in order to have the charges against him or her dismissed." K.S.A. 22-2906(4); see K.S.A. 12-4413(d). "No defendant shall be required to enter any plea to a criminal charge as a condition for diversion." K.S.A. 22-2910; see K.S.A. 12-4417. "[E]ntering into a diversion agreement pursuant to K.S.A. 12-4413 et seq. or 22-2906 et seq., and amendments thereto, shall not constitute plea bargaining." K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 8-1567(p). Diversion is, therefore, a means to avoid a judgment of criminal guilt. Petty v. City of El Dorado, 270 Kan. 847, 852, 19 P.3d 167 (2001); see K.S.A. 22-2906(3) and (4); K.S.A. 12-4413(c) and (d).
"If the defendant has fulfilled the terms of the diversion agreement, the district court shall dismiss with prejudice the criminal charges filed against the defendant." K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 22-2911(b); see K.S.A. 12-4416(a). The city, county, or district attorney shall forward to the Kansas Bureau of Investigation and the Kansas Department of Revenue Division of Vehicles a record of the fact that a defendant did or did not fulfill the terms of a diversion agreement. The record shall be made available upon request to any county, district or city attorney, or court. K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 22-2911(c) and (d); see K.S.A. 12-4412 and K.S.A. 12-4416(e). Diversions are not counted as part of a defendant's criminal history. State v. Macias, 30 Kan. App. 2d 79, 81, 39 P.3d 85, rev. denied 273 Kan. 1038 (2002). Kansas courts have applied contract principles when interpreting diversion agreements. See Petty, 270 Kan. at 853-54; see also State v. Boley, 279 Kan. 989, Syl. ¶ 1, 113 P.3d 248 (2005) (applying fundamental contract principles to plea agreements).
Ex Post Facto
From the time of the 1986 diversion agreement until 2001, 8-1567 provided that only DUI convictions or diversion agreements "occurring in the immediately preceding five years, including prior to the effective date of this act, shall be taken into account" for purposes of determining the classification level of offense under the DUI statute. See K.S.A. 1986 Supp. 8-1567(j)(1), (3); K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(1), (3) (Furse 1991). As amended in 2001, see L. 2001, ch. 200, sec.14, any DUI conviction including "entering into a diversion agreement" and "occurring during a person's lifetime shall be taken into account when determining the sentence to be imposed for a first, second, third, fourth, or subsequent offender." K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(1), (3); now K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 8-1567(m)(1), (3). The defendant argues that K.S.A. 8-1567 is an unconstitutional ex post facto law as applied to his case.
Our standard of review involving the constitutionality of a statute is well established:
"The constitutionality of a statute is presumed, all doubts must be resolved in favor of its validity, and before the statute may be stricken it must clearly appear the statute violates the constitution. In determining constitutionality, it is the court's duty to uphold a statute under attack rather than defeat it, and if there is any reasonable way to construe the statute as constitutionally valid, that should be done. A challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is a question of law and this court has unlimited review." State v. Martis, 277 Kan. 267, 298, 83 P.3d 1216 (2004).
"Article I, Section 10, of the United States Constitution provides: 'No State shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto Law.'" State v. Myers, 260 Kan. 669, 676, 923 P.2d 1024 (1996), cert. denied 521 U.S. 1118 (1997). The United States Supreme Court has set forth four categories of ex post facto violations:
"'1st. Every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action. 2d. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed. 3d. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict the offender. All these, and similar laws, are manifestly unjust and oppressive.'" Stogner v. California, 539 U.S. 607, 612, 156 L. Ed. 2d 544, 123 S. Ct. 2446 (2003) (quoting Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. [3 Dall.] 386, 390-91, 1 L. Ed. 648 [1798]).
See Myers, 260 Kan. at 676.
The following two elements must be present before a law will be considered an ex post facto violation: "(1) The law must be retrospective, applying to events occurring before its enactment, and (2) it must alter the definition of criminal conduct or increase the penalty by which a crime is punishable." Anderson v. Bruce, 274 Kan. 37, 43, 50 P.3d 1 (2002). In other words: "The law must be retrospective, applying to events occurring before its enactment, and it must disadvantage the offender affected by it." Stansbury v. Hannigan, 265 Kan. 404, 412, 960 P.2d 227, cert. denied 525 U.S. 1060 (1998) (citing Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 29, 67 L. Ed. 2d 17, 101 S. Ct. 960 [1981]). The critical question in evaluating an ex post facto claim is whether the law changes the legal consequences of acts completed before its effective date. Weaver, 450 U.S. at 31; State v. Armbrust, 274 Kan. 1089, 1093, 59 P.3d 1000 (2002).
This appeal focuses on the inclusion of the defendant's 1986 diversion agreement, as his subsequent 2002 diversion occurred after the 2001 amendment. The defendant argues that the amended DUI statute retroactively changes the legal consequences of his 1986 diversion contract by making it a conviction for life instead of subject to a 5-year "immediately preceding" decay period under prior law. But see State v. Sedillos, 279 Kan. 777, Syl. ¶ ¶ 6 and 9, 112 P.3d 854 (2005). He argues that he fulfilled the terms of his 1986 diversion contract, that a full 5 years passed under the previous law before enactment of the 2001 amendment, and that the use of his diversion agreement for his current DUI offense violates the Ex Post Facto Clause. The defendant further argues that the Court of Appeals failed to consider the different categories of ex post facto violations and ignored Stogner because it felt constrained by this court's decision in Hurt.
Hurt was sentenced under a city ordinance modeled after the 2001 amendment to K.S.A. 8-1567 as a second-time DUI offender because he had a previous DUI diversion in 1995. Hurt argued that once the 5-year decay period ran on his first DUI diversion, he no longer had a "conviction" on his record and he had a vested right in that status which could not be changed by a subsequent act of the legislature or another governmental subdivision.
This court in Hurt noted that a function of the Ex Post Facto Clause is to bar enactments which, by retroactive operation, increase the punishment for a crime after its commission. The court cited Anderson, 274 Kan. at 42-43, 47-48, where this court found no ex post facto violation in denying a prisoner credit for time spent on parole for an earlier offense, even though the law at the time of the offense would have provided for such credit, where the amended statute applied only to new offenses committed after the statute's effective date. 275 Kan. at 522-23.
The Hurt court also cited State v. Campbell, 9 Kan. App. 2d 474, 477, 681 P.2d 679 (1984), where the Court of Appeals rejected the argument that enhanced punishment for subsequent DUI convictions was an ex post facto law because 8-1567 did not impose mandatory penalties for repeat DUI offenses when the first DUI offense was committed. The court also cited several cases from other jurisdictions which have upheld amendments to their DUI statutes which increased the decay period for determining the classification level of punishment before concluding:
"Enhancement statutes, like sentencing guidelines or recidivist statutes, are common in state criminal laws and do not change the penalty imposed for the earlier conviction. [Citation omitted.] The amended [City of] Norton ordinance did not operate retroactively to increase the penalty for Hurt's prior DUI offense. Instead, the amended ordinance became effective prior to Hurt's second DUI violation and increased the penalty for the second violation only. Because the amendment does not affect Hurt's actions prior to its effective date, it is not an ex post facto law." Hurt, 275 Kan. at 524.
The State correctly points out that Hurt is analogous to this case because: (1) Both defendants had a DUI diversion that had decayed under pre-2001 versions of the DUI statute, (2) both defendants committed a subsequent DUI after the 2001 amendment which included the formerly decayed DUI diversions as convictions, and (3) the 2001 amendment did not operate retroactively to increase the penalty for the prior offense. The defendant argues that Hurt does not control the result in this case for three reasons: (1) Hurt addressed a different ex post facto argument, i.e., whether the punishment for a prior act had been retroactively enhanced, than the arguments raised by the defendant in this case; (2) Hurt limited its analysis and holding to prior convictions rather than diversion agreements; and (3) Hurt relied upon "decay" cases from other jurisdictions which did not involve diversion agreements.
The defendant's second and third points of distinction are without merit. The prior conviction in Hurt, as well as in this case, was a DUI diversion. In Hurt, similar arguments to those raised in this case were made, viz., that a defendant had a vested right in his or her status after the 5-year decay period had expired which could not later be recharacterized as a conviction. Further, although Hurt relied upon other cases which involved prior convictions rather than diversions, under both the 1986 statute and the 2001 statute for purposes of sentencing enhancement, a conviction included both being convicted of a violation of 8-1567 or receiving a DUI diversion. See K.S.A. 1986 Supp. 8-1567(j)(1); K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(1); K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 8-1567(m)(1). See also State v. Priest, 239 Kan. 681, 684, 722 P.2d 576 (1986), overruled on other grounds by State v. Delacruz, 258 Kan. 129, 133-36, 899 P.2d 1042 (1995) (a successfully completed DUI diversion agreement has the same effect as a conviction for DUI when a sentence is enhanced).
Although the defendant focuses on the point that the 1986 diversion was not an adjudication of guilt, in State v. Clevenger, 235 Kan. 864, 867, 683 P.2d 1272 (1984), this court has previously found that consideration of a prior diversion agreement for sentencing enhancement under 8-1567 did not violate due process even though the defendant's guilt or innocence was not adjudicated. The court reasoned that "[t]he nature of diversion in the context of DUI violations is particularly indicative of the diversion's conviction-like nature," where a defendant stipulates to the facts constituting the offense and voluntarily waives all constitutional rights to a trial by voluntarily choosing to enter a diversionary program. 235 Kan. at 867-68. "The important fact is that an offense of driving while under the influence has occurred twice. The fact the defendant was lucky enough to be allowed diversion in the first case should not preclude the enhancement of the sentence for a second offense." 235 Kan. at 867; see also Commonwealth v. Murphy, 389 Mass. 316, 451 N.E.2d 95 (1983) (No distinction of constitutional dimension between a prior DUI conviction and a previous assignment to an alcohol education program after admission of sufficient facts which would have warranted a finding of guilt for purposes of sentencing enhancement under amended DUI statute.). Hurt's reliance upon cases which involve prior convictions rather than diversion agreements is a distinction without a difference. See Sedillos, 279 Kan. 777, Syl. ¶ ¶ 6 and 9.
The defendant's more persuasive point of distinction is that Hurt did not address the same categories of ex post facto violations raised in this case. This argument is tied to his claim that the Court of Appeals, in following Hurt, erroneously focused upon a category three violation, namely whether the 2001 amendment increased the punishment attached to the 1986 diversion agreement, when his contentions revolve around category one and category two violations. See Stogner, 539 U.S. at 612 (four categories of ex post facto violations).
The defendant argues that a category one violation ("[e]very law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action") is present in this case because the State in 2001 retroactively defined a lawful act--the entry into a 1986 contract (diversion agreement)--as a criminal conviction. He argues the legislature attempted to retrospectively criminalize the making of a lawful contract by treating it as a conviction despite well-settled law that it is not a conviction, guilty plea, or judgment. He contends that the 2001 amendment did not merely legislate increased penalties for the commission of future acts by persons with a preexisting status but that it changed the preexisting status by criminalizing the status of being a party to a diversion agreement, even though the contract had been fully performed for over a decade. Additionally, he argues that absent this legislative fiat, no basis exists for labeling the defendant as guilty of such a crime because the 1986 prosecution was dismissed in his favor.
It is unclear whether the defendant is arguing that the actual act of entering into the diversion agreement is now criminal or that the diversion itself is now considered a criminal conviction under the amended statute. Both arguments are without merit. The amended statute does not make the act of entering into a diversion agreement in 1986 criminal, and the amended statute provides no authority to prosecute the defendant for entering into this prior diversion agreement. Likewise, the amended statute has not transformed the defendant's 1986 DUI diversion into a criminal conviction. His 1986 diversion has not been revoked, and he does not now have a 1986 DUI conviction listed in his criminal history. His records continue to reflect a 1986 DUI diversion which is not counted in his criminal history.
The defendant overlooks the fact that "'[t]he term "conviction" has different meanings in different statutory contexts.'" Clevenger, 235 Kan. at 867 (quoting Walker v. Dist. Ct., 199 Colo. 128, 132, 606 P.2d 70 [1980]). The amended statute only characterizes the diversion agreement as a conviction for sentencing enhancement purposes. The enhancement relates to a new DUI conviction committed after 8-1567 was amended in 2001. The amended statute does not make an action done before the passing of the law, which was innocent when done, criminal, nor does it punish that action. See State v. Hall, 119 N.M. 707, 709-10, 895 P.2d 229 (N.M. App. 1995), (No ex post facto violation arose in using a defendant's prior DUI convictions under the former DUI statute to enhance conviction under the amended statute--defendant's conduct under the former DUI statute was criminal and remains criminal under the new DUI statute.).
In this defendant's case, his 1986 and 2001 diversion agreements were considered convictions for sentencing enhancement under K.S.A. 8-1567(f) and (l)(3). The 2001 amendment authorizing treatment of his diversion agreements to be considered as prior convictions for enhancement of his current DUI conviction did not retroactively define the diversion as a criminal conviction; it simply changed the time period during which a diversion agreement could be counted as a conviction for enhanced sentencing under the current DUI conviction. See L. 2001, ch. 200, sec. 14. As the State points out, the legal consequences of the defendant's actions in this case--that his prior DUI diversion would enhance the penalty for his current offense--affected his current offense and had no effect on his 1986 diversion. Contrary to the defendant's contention, there was no category one ex post facto violation or retroactive redefinition of the defendant's criminal conduct.
Alternatively, the defendant claims that if the diversion agreement is treated as a conviction, the law then in effect established that the so-called conviction would endure for only 5 years and granted him amnesty from any future consequences after those 5 years elapsed without incident. According to the defendant, a category two ex post facto violation occurred because the defendant's 1986 DUI diversion was made greater than it was when entered into by the defendant. In other words, a category two violation occurred because the 2001 amendment aggravated his 1986 diversion agreement by revoking the 5-year decay period and redefining the diversion agreement as a conviction, exposing the defendant to the risk of adverse criminal consequences for life.
The defendant relies primarily upon Stogner, 539 U.S. 607, both in arguing that a category two ex post facto violation occurred in this case and in distinguishing this case from Hurt. In Stogner, the United States Supreme Court held that California's new criminal statute of limitations permitting prosecution for sex-related child abuse after the prior limitations period had expired violated the Ex Post Facto Clause. The Court concluded that the California law fell under the second category of ex post facto laws "'([e]very law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed,'" so long as the category was understood as referring to a statute that inflicts punishments where the party was not by law subject to any punishment. 539 U.S. at 612-13. The Court reasoned in part that the California law enacted after the previous statute of limitations "subjects an individual such as Stogner to prosecution long after the State has, in effect, granted an amnesty, telling him that he is 'at liberty to return to his country . . . and that from henceforth he may cease to preserve the proofs of his innocence.'" 539 U.S. at 632 (quoting Wharton, Criminal Pleading and Practice § 316, p. 210).
Unlike this case and Hurt, California sought to prosecute a defendant for an offense under a new law that extended the statute of limitations after the prior statute of limitations had expired. In other words, the defendant in Stogner was no longer criminally liable for prosecution of the offense because the statute of limitations had run. The legislature then, by new law, extended the statute of limitations thereby subjecting the defendant to prosecution for the offense under the new law. In contrast, Hurt and defendant Chamberlain were being prosecuted for a new offense committed after the statute was amended. The use of their prior diversions under K.S.A. 8-1567(l)(3), see K.S.A. 2004 Supp. 8-1567(m)(3), does not establish criminal liability or punishment where there is none, but rather:
"'A showing of prior convictions goes only to the question of [a] defendant's status. The prior conviction or convictions gives the defendant a classification, and the statute prescribes sequentially increased punishment for repeat offenders. A repeating offender is not punished for the prior offense or offenses, but the Legislature has declared that repeated violations justify the enhanced penalty.'" Campbell, 9 Kan. App. 2d at 477 (quoting State v. Jones, 214 Kan. 568, 570, 521 P.2d 278 [1974]).
See State v. LaMunyon, 259 Kan. 54, 66, 911 P.2d 151 (1996); State v. Gordon, No. 89,744, unpublished opinion filed July 2, 2004, rev. denied 278 Kan. 849 (2004).
Unlike the factual situation in Stogner, the defendant is not claiming amnesty due to an expired statute of limitations; rather, he is seeking amnesty from having his prior diversion used