State v. Benson

1



IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 97,905

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,

v.

DANIEL A. BENSON,
Appellant.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution requires that, in order for testimonial out-of-court statements to be admitted
at trial, the State must prove that the person who made the statements is unavailable and
that the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine that declarant.

2.
Documents prepared in the regular course of equipment maintenance that show the
certification or calibration of a breath-test machine are not testimonial statements and are
not subject to the Confrontation Clause requirements because such documents are not
created for the purpose of prosecuting any particular defendant or to prove a specific
element of a particular crime.

3.
There is no constitutional impediment to basing the length of a sentence in part
upon a defendant's criminal history score under the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act.

2



Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed September 26,
2008. Appeal from Shawnee District Court; RICHARD D. ANDERSON, judge. Opinion filed November 9,
2012. Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district
court is affirmed.

Shawn E. Minihan, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief
for appellant.

Natalie A. Chalmers, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Jamie L. Karasek, assistant
district attorney, Robert D. Hecht, district attorney, and Steve Six, attorney general, were on the brief for
appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

JOHNSON, J.: Daniel A. Benson seeks review of the Court of Appeals' decision
affirming his conviction and sentence for felony DUI. Benson's primary argument is that
the district court violated his right of confrontation under the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution by admitting into evidence the certificate of calibration for the
Intoxilyzer 5000 machine used to determine the level of alcohol in Benson's breath.
Benson contends that the Confrontation Clause required that the person who completed
the certificate had to testify in person at Benson's trial. Because we conclude that the
certificate of calibration is not testimonial in nature, its admission did not offend the
holding in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177
(2004). In a second issue, Benson challenges the use of his criminal history to enhance
his sentence, albeit he concedes that his argument is controlled by State v. Ivory, 273
Kan. 44, 46-48, 41 P.3d 781 (2002). Accordingly, the Court of Appeals correctly
affirmed Benson's conviction and sentence.

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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Benson was arrested for felony DUI after failing sobriety tests administered by the
Shawnee County Sheriff's Department during a routine DUI check lane on July 18, 2004.
After his arrest, Benson took an Intoxilyzer 5000 test that registered his blood alcohol
concentration at .087—above the legal limit of .08. Because it was his third offense,
Benson was charged with felony DUI.

Before trial, Benson attempted to have the breath-test results excluded, in part by
claiming error in the admission of the certificate of calibration indicating that the
Intoxilyzer 5000 was in proper working order. Benson contended that in order to comply
with the Confrontation Clause requirements of Crawford, the employee who conducted
the calibration should have testified in person. In denying that motion, the district court
examined the nature of the document and concluded that the certificate of calibration was
not testimonial and therefore not subject to Crawford's Confrontation Clause
requirements.

The Court of Appeals panel affirmed the district court's findings based on its
understanding of testimonial evidence as explained in Crawford and in reliance on the
numerous other jurisdictions reaching similar conclusions. State v. Benson, No. 97,905,
unpublished opinion filed September 26, 2008, slip op. at 4-5. Specifically, the panel
noted that the calibration certificate was "prepared as a routine administrative matter
required by the State and [wa]s not prepared in anticipation of any particular criminal
proceeding." Additionally, in reliance on Ivory, the panel quickly dispensed with
Benson's claim that his increased sentence was constitutionally infirm.

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Benson raises the same two arguments in his petition for review. After holding the
petition pending a decision in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 129 S. Ct.
2527, 174 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2009), we granted review.

CONFRONTATION CLAUSE

As noted, Benson's first issue requires us to determine whether the certificate of
calibration for the breathalyzer machine is testimonial in nature.

Standard of Review

"We employ an unlimited standard of review when addressing issues pertaining to
the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution."
State v. Leshay, 289 Kan. 546, 547, 213 P.3d 1071 (2009) (citing State v. Noah, 284 Kan.
608, 612, 162 P.3d 799 [2007]); State v. Ransom, 288 Kan. 697, 708-09, 207 P.3d 208
(2009) (whether confrontation rights have been violated is a question of law subject to
unlimited review).

Analysis

In Crawford, our Supreme Court held that certain out-of-court statements are
inadmissible at trial unless the State proves that the person making the statement is
unavailable and that the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant.
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68. The Crawford Court explained that the admission of a hearsay
statement implicates a defendant's rights under the Sixth Amendment's Confrontation
Clause only when the statement is deemed to be testimonial. 541 U.S. at 68; see also
State v. Miller, 284 Kan. 682, 711-12, 163 P.3d 267 (2007) (citing State v. Davis, 283
Kan. 569, 575, 158 P.3d 317 [modified opinion filed March 23, 2007]). Accordingly,
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Benson's right of confrontation argument hinges upon whether the certificate of
calibration constitutes a testimonial statement.

Crawford stopped short of specifically defining testimonial statements, but the
opinion did identify the type of statements that could qualify:

"Various formulations of this core class of 'testimonial' statements exist: 'ex parte
in-court testimony or its functional equivalent—that is, material such as affidavits,
custodial examinations, prior testimony that the defendant was unable to cross-examine,
or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used
prosecutorially,' . . . 'extrajudicial statements . . . contained in formalized testimonial
materials, such as affidavits, depositions, prior testimony, or confessions,' [citation
omitted]; 'statements that were made under circumstances which would lead an objective
witness reasonably to believe that the statement would be available for use at a later trial,'
[citation omitted]." 541 U.S. at 51-52.

Crawford's failure to flesh out the definition of testimonial led to our attempt at
synthesizing a list of factors from various post-Crawford cases to aid in the
determination:

"(1) Would an objective witness reasonably believe such a statement would later
be available for use in the prosecution of a crime?
"(2) Was the statement made to a law enforcement officer or to another
government official?
"(3) Was proof of facts potentially relevant to a later prosecution of a crime the
primary purpose of the interview when viewed from an objective totality of the
circumstances, including circumstances of whether
(a) the declarant was speaking about events as they were actually
happening, instead of describing past events;
(b) the statement was made while the declarant was in immediate
danger, i.e., during an ongoing emergency;
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(c) the statement was made in order to resolve an emergency or
simply to learn what had happened in the past; and
(d) the interview was part of a governmental investigation?; and
"(4) Was the level of formality of the statement sufficient to make it inherently
testimonial; e.g., was the statement made in response to questions, was the statement
recorded, was the declarant removed from third parties, or was the interview conducted in
a formal setting such as in a governmental building?" State v. Brown, 285 Kan. 261, 291,
173 P.3d 612 (2007).

Later, Melendez-Diaz held that the sworn statements of laboratory analysts made
in contemplation of litigation were testimonial statements and, thus, subject to Crawford's
confrontation requirements. 557 U.S. at 308-11; see also State v. Laturner, 289 Kan. 727,
733-34, 750-51, 218 P.3d 23 (2009) (relying on Melendez-Diaz in finding a Kansas
statute unconstitutional where it authorized the admission of a sworn forensic lab report
in lieu of the preparer's in-court testimony). Even more recently, in Bullcoming v. New
Mexico, 564 U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 2705, 2717, 180 L. Ed. 2d 610 (2011), the Supreme
Court determined that a forensic laboratory report certifying the defendant's blood-
alcohol concentration was, like the report in Melendez-Diaz, testimonial in nature.
Bullcoming found it significant that while the analyst who prepared the report may not
have had to exercise any independent judgment in creating it, the certification he signed
included more than the "raw, machine-produced data" regarding Bullcoming's blood
alcohol level, such as the specific protocols followed by the analyst and information
regarding the chain of custody. 131 S. Ct. at 2714. The Court suggested that it was those
additional "representations, relating to past events and human actions" as to which cross-
examination was most indicated. 131 S. Ct. at 2714.

In the present case, Benson reasons that the certificate of calibration is a
testimonial statement because it was created in contemplation of trial, notwithstanding
that the certificate was generated by an independent agency after it completed repairs on
the machine some 3 weeks before it was used to test Benson. While this court has not
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previously addressed Benson's argument, the Court of Appeals has ruled on the question
in two other cases since Crawford and Brown. In those cases, the Court of Appeals held
that documents showing the certification or calibration of a breath-test machine are not
testimonial statements because they do not address a specific trial and do not tend to
prove a specific element of a particular crime. State v. Johnson, 43 Kan. App. 2d 815,
826, 233 P.3d 290 (2010); State v. Dukes, 38 Kan. App. 2d 958, 962, 174 P.3d 914
(2008), aff'd 290 Kan. 485, 231 P.3d 558 (2010) (affirming the Court of Appeals' opinion
on other grounds but not addressing the panel's analysis declaring the certificate
testimonial because the issue was not properly preserved).

Dukes placed significant reliance on the fact that 14 other jurisdictions had
determined that proof of a breath-test machine's calibration was not testimonial evidence.
38 Kan. App. 2d at 961. However, those decisions, like Dukes, were issued before
Melendez-Diaz—an argument raised in Johnson. But the Johnson panel distinguished
Melendez-Diaz because the certificate it was reviewing only contained information
related to the operation of the machine; it did not deal with a specific element of the
crime. Johnson, 43 Kan. App. 2d at 826; see also Melendez-Diaz, 129 S. Ct. at 2531
(certificates at issue reported that the tested substance was in fact cocaine). Moreover, the
Melendez-Diaz majority specifically limited its holding in a footnote:

"Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, . . . we do not hold, and it is not the case, that
anyone whose testimony may be relevant in establishing the . . . accuracy of the testing
device, must appear in person as part of the prosecution's case. . . . [D]ocuments prepared
in the regular course of equipment maintenance may well qualify as nontestimonial
records." 129 S. Ct. at 2532 n.1.

The same distinction has been cited by other jurisdictions addressing this issue
after Melendez-Diaz, and most jurisdictions uniformly agree that documents certifying
maintenance records of breath-test machines are not testimonial in nature. See, e.g.,
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United States v. Forstell, 656 F. Supp. 2d 578, 580-82 (E.D. Va. 2009); State v. Lindner,
227 Ariz. 69, 71-72, 252 P.3d 1033 (Ct. App. 2010); Jacobson v. State, 306 Ga. App.
815, 817-18, 703 S.E.2d 376 (2010); People v. Jacobs, 405 Ill. App. 3d 210, 216-17, 939
N.E.2d 64 (2010); Ramirez v. State, 928 N.E.2d 214, 219-20 (Ind. App. 2010);
Commonwealth v. Zeininger, 459 Mass. 775, 788-89, 947 N.E.2d 1060 (2011). The most
common rationale for these holdings is that the certificate of calibration is not created for
the purpose of prosecuting any particular defendant, but rather it is designed for use in
criminal prosecutions generally. See Melendez-Diaz, 129 S. Ct. at 2539-40 (explaining
that the reason business records are nontestimonial and thus proper hearsay exceptions is
because the documents are created for the administration of an entity's affairs and not for
the purpose of establishing or proving some fact at a specific trial); Dukes, 38 Kan. App.
2d at 961-62. As the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court recently stated:

"[C]ertification records are outside the orbit of the 'common nucleus' of the various
definitions of 'testimonial' set forth in Crawford . . . . [Citations omitted.] Whereas
certificates of drug analysis were offered as direct proof of an element of the offense
charged, [as in Melendez–Diaz,] the [] certification records bear only on the admissibility
or credibility of the evidence. The [] certification records are offered, first, as proof that
the Commonwealth has met a foundational predicate to admissibility of the breathalyzer
test results and, then, either through direct testimony or by implication, as evidence
bolstering the reliability of those results. [Citations omitted.] We agree with the Court of
Appeals of Oregon, which concluded that such records 'bear a more attenuated
relationship to conviction: They support one fact (the accuracy of the machine) that, in
turn, supports another fact that can establish guilt (blood alcohol level).' State v. Bergin,
[231 Or. App. 36,] 41[, 217 P.3d 1087 (2009)].
. . . .
". . . That the [] certification records are generalized and performed prospectively
in primary aid of the administration of a regulatory program makes all the difference."
Zeininger, 459 Mass. at 786-88.

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As noted above, Bullcoming intimated the same reasoning when the majority
opinion alluded to the possibility that a report containing only "raw, machine-produced
data" might not be considered a testimonial statement. Bullcoming, 131 S. Ct. at 2714
(noting that it was the analyst's sworn "representations, relating to past events and human
actions" that justified the certificate's testimonial status). While it could be argued that
under the test in Brown the certificate in the present case is testimonial because the only
reason for calibrating the machine was to assure the reliability of information specifically
used at trial, the report was not generated in contemplation of Benson's specific criminal
proceeding—a fact required by other courts addressing this issue before finding a
certificate to be testimonial. See, e.g., Zeininger, 459 Mass. at 786-87; Dukes, 38 Kan.
App. 2d at 961-62. Rather, when the certificate was created, its primary purpose was to
establish that the machine was in compliance with administrative regulations in effect at
the time. See K.A.R. 28-32-1 (revoked March 14, 2008). Thus, the certificate served a
purpose at the time it was created, regardless of whether there ever would be a
prosecution in the future at which it would be utilized.

In summary, the certificate of calibration in this case was routinely generated as
part of the regular equipment maintenance. It was not created to establish a specific
element in the prosecution of Benson's case. Further, the certificate speaks only to the
reliability of the evidence that Benson's blood alcohol level was above the legal limit, it
does not prove or disprove that element. Consequently, we hold that the certificate of
calibration is not a testimonial statement and is not subject to the Confrontation Clause
requirements of Crawford. The district court did not violate Benson's Sixth Amendment
rights by admitting the certificate.

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SENTENCING

Benson argues that the district court violated his rights under the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution by imposing an enhanced
sentence, based on prior convictions, without proving those convictions to the jury
beyond a reasonable doubt. This court has consistently rejected this argument. See, e.g.,
State v. Bennington, 293 Kan. 503, Syl. ¶ 9, 264 P.3d 440 (2011); State v. Riojas, 288
Kan. 379, 388, 204 P.3d 578 (2009); State v. Fewell, 286 Kan. 370, 394-96, 184 P.3d 903
(2008); Ivory, 273 Kan. at 46-48.

Standard of Review

"To the extent our decision involves . . . the interpretation and application of . . .
court precedent, we are resolving questions of law and, thus, exercising unlimited
review." State v. May, 293 Kan. 858, 862, 269 P.3d 1260 (2012); accord Johnson v.
Brooks Plumbing, 281 Kan. 1212, 1213, 135 P.3d 1203 (2006).

Analysis

In Ivory, this court found that Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct.
2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), did not prohibit basing the length of a sentence in part
upon a defendant's criminal history score under the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act,
K.S.A. 21-4701 et seq. 273 Kan. at 44. Benson fails to propound any argument that
would persuade us to revisit that holding. Accordingly, we affirm the Court of Appeals
on this issue as well.

Affirmed.