MCJS, Inc. v. Kansas Department of Revenue

1

No. 108,788

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

MCJS, INC., dba Reed's Ringside Sports
Bar and Grill,
Appellant,

v.

KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
Appellee.


SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
When courts are called upon to interpret statutes, the fundamental rule governing
our interpretation is that the intent of the legislature governs if that intent can be
ascertained. The legislature is presumed to have expressed its intent through the language
of the statutory scheme it enacted. When the language of a statute is plain and
unambiguous, an appellate court is bound to implement the expressed intent and need not
resort to rules of statutory construction.

2.
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615 prohibits a licensee from knowingly or unknowingly
permitting the possession or consumption of alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage by a
minor on the licensee's premises. Under the plain language of the statute, and in the
context of a civil regulatory proceeding, a licensee may be found to have unknowingly
permitted a minor to consume alcohol on the premises merely by allowing the minor to
enter the premises and by serving alcohol in an area within the minor's reach.



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3.
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c)(7) provides that a court shall grant relief from an
agency action if it determines that the agency action is based on a determination of fact,
made or implied by the agency, that is not supported to the appropriate standard of proof
by evidence that is substantial when viewed in light of the record as a whole.

4.
Under the facts of this case, there was sufficient evidence, when viewed in light of
the record as a whole, to support the agency's finding that the licensee violated K.S.A.
2012 Supp. 41-2615 by permitting a minor to possess or consume alcohol on the
licensee's premises.

Appeal from Shawnee District Court; LARRY D. HENDRICKS, judge. Opinion filed October 25,
2013. Affirmed.

William K. Rork and Jacob Conard, legal intern, of Rork Law Office, of Topeka, for appellant.

Sarah Byrne, assistant attorney general, Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of
Revenue, for appellee.

Before MALONE, C.J., PIERRON and HILL, JJ.

MALONE, C.J.: This is a civil regulatory proceeding in which the Kansas
Department of Revenue Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) fined MCJS,
Inc., dba Reed's Ringside Sports Bar and Grill (Reed's) $500 for violating K.S.A. 41-
2615 by permitting a minor to possess or consume alcohol on its premises. The Director
of the ABC (Director) found that Reed's is responsible for ensuring that minors do not
possess or consume alcoholic beverages on its premises and that K.S.A. 41-2615 creates
absolute civil liability on a licensee for any violation of the statute. Reed's appealed
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without success to the Secretary of the Department of Revenue (Secretary) and then to
the district court.

Reed's now appeals to this court, claiming that the agency and the district court
erred in finding that K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes strict liability on a licensee and in finding
that the minor possessed or consumed alcohol on its premises. In the context of a civil
regulatory proceeding, we conclude that the agency and the district court did not err in
finding that K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes strict liability on a licensee such that the statute is
violated whenever a minor possesses or consumes alcohol on its premises. We also
conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that the minor possessed or
consumed alcohol on Reed's premises. Thus, we affirm the district court's judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On July 3, 2010, Potawatomi Tribe Police Officer Darrel Chapman was involved
in a high-speed pursuit of Kipp Shupe, who was 17 years old at the time. After Chapman
took Shupe into custody, he learned that Shupe had been with his friend, Jonathan
Bourdon, earlier that night drinking beer at Reed's. Bourdon confirmed this information.

On July 28, 2010, the ABC issued an administrative citation to Reed's, asserting
that Reed's violated K.S.A. 41-2615 by permitting an underage person to possess or
consume alcohol on its premises. Reed's timely requested an evidentiary hearing before
the Director. At the evidentiary hearing, the ABC called Chapman who testified about
Shupe's arrest on July 3, 2010, and Shupe's statement that he had been drinking beer at
Reed's earlier that night. Next, Bourdon testified that on the night in question, he was at
Reed's with Shupe. Bourdon testified that he and Shupe played games and drank beer
together. Bourdon further testified that Shupe purchased some of the beer that night.
However, Bourdon later clarified that he did not see Shupe purchase the beer; rather, he
saw Shupe come back from the general direction of the bar with a pitcher of beer in his
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hand. Bourdon also stated that Reed's employees would come around periodically to clear
their table. Bourdon testified that no employee asked him for identification when he
purchased the beer or asked Shupe for identification while he was drinking at the table.

When Shupe testified, he admitted being at Reed's with Bourdon on the night in
question and that, while driving to Reed's, he had drunk four beers in his vehicle. Once at
Reed's, Shupe stated that he bought two pitchers of beer, one from the bartender and one
from a waitress, and he was not asked for identification either time. Further, Shupe
testified that there were always employees walking around the bar and, although he was
clearly drinking beer, no one asked him for identification. On cross-examination, Shupe
admitted that his first written statement to the police said nothing about him purchasing
beer, although his second written statement mentioned purchasing one pitcher of beer. On
redirect, Shupe stated that he believed the difference in the statements stemmed from the
fact that he was still intoxicated when he wrote the first statement.

Damon Reed, half-owner of MCJS, Inc., which did business as Reed's, testified
that the first he knew of the allegation that Reed's had violated the statute regarding
alcohol consumption by a minor was when he received something in the mail. Damon
stated that there was video footage of the inside of the bar taken by multiple cameras, but
the footage was only stored for 14 days. Damon testified that it was Reed's policy that
everyone purchasing beer should be asked for identification. Derrick Reed, the other half-
owner of Reed's, testified that there was no longer video of the night in question because
he did not become aware of the incident until over 30 days later.

After the hearing, both parties filed written closing comments. In its closing,
Reed's emphasized the inconsistencies in Shupe's and Bourdon's stories and the
unfairness of the delayed notification of Reed's, stating that if Reed's had known of the
allegation sooner, it could have preserved the videotapes of the night in question. Reed's
also argued that there was insufficient evidence to prove the violation, claiming that
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Reed's had no criminal intent and that K.S.A. 41-2615 does not create a strict liability
offense. Finally, Reed's contended that none of its employees had "permitted" Shupe to
consume alcohol. The ABC's written closing arguments, on the other hand, asserted that
K.S.A. 41-2615(a) imposes absolute liability on the licensee. The ABC contended that
the evidence clearly established that Shupe consumed alcohol at Reed's on the night in
question and the evidence was sufficient to justify a civil penalty.

The Director issued written findings and an order dated August 9, 2011. The
Director found that "[t]he fact that Shupe had consumed beer at the licensed premises
was established during the hearing. Reed's employees delivered pitchers and cups to the
table where Shupe was obviously in possession of and consuming beer." The Director
noted that K.S.A. 41-2615 provides that a licensee may not knowingly or unknowingly
permit possession or consumption of alcohol by a minor on the licensed premises. The
Director stated that "[i]f knowledge or intent were a required element for an
administrative violation, compliance with underage laws would deteriorate because the
motivation to proactively check IDs would disappear." The Director determined that
"Reed's is responsible for ensuring that minors do not possess or consume alcoholic
beverages [on the premises] and that K.S.A. 41-2615 creates absolute civil liability on a
licensee for any violation of the statute." Accordingly, the Director concluded that Reed's
had violated the statute and imposed a $500 fine as a civil penalty for the violation.

Reed's appealed to the Secretary, and both parties submitted their appellate
arguments in writing. Reed's again claimed that the inconsistent nature of Shupe's and
Bourdon's statements meant that there was insufficient evidence to find Reed's violated
the statute. Reed's also argued that it did not "permit" Shupe to possess or consume
alcohol on its premises. Reed's argued that its ability to control Shupe's drinking was
limited because it was impossible to continuously monitor every patron and, if Shupe was
drinking, he was likely trying to hide it. Reed's also argued that its exemplary record of
enforcing alcohol control laws, as evidenced by multiple letters of commendation from
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the ABC, showed it did not acquiesce in Shupe's drinking. Finally, Reed's argued that
public policy went against imposing absolute liability for violations of K.S.A. 41-2615.

The ABC reasserted its argument that the Director's finding that Shupe possessed
and consumed alcohol at Reed's was based on substantial competent evidence, regardless
of the inconsistencies in some of the details of Bourdon's and Shupe's testimony. The
ABC also contended that the department can impose either civil or criminal sanctions for
a violation of K.S.A. 41-2615 and that in the context of a civil regulatory proceeding, the
statute imposes strict liability on a licensee any time that a minor possesses or consumes
alcohol on its premises. The ABC asked the Secretary to uphold the $500 civil penalty
that the department had assessed against Reed's.

On December 2, 2011, the Secretary issued his final order and upheld the findings
of the Director. On the issue of whether K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes absolute liability on a
licensee, the Secretary concluded:

"After considering this issue, the Secretary is persuaded the Department's
position is correct. While K.S.A. 41-2615(b) clearly imposes sanctions under criminal
law, subsection (a) of the statute is also used as a basis for the imposition of civil
sanctions. Given the dual nature of the statute, it is logical that criminal and civil
authorities may interpret and apply the statute differently. Licensee is operating a
business in a highly regulated industry, and the history of K.S.A. 41-2615 supports the
Department's contention the legislature intended to impose an absolute civil liability on
licensees."

On January 3, 2012, Reed's filed its petition for judicial review in Shawnee
County District Court. Reed's alleged that the Secretary erroneously interpreted or
applied the law and that the decision was based on a determination of fact not supported
by sufficient evidence. The ABC filed its response, and the district court filed a
memorandum decision and order on August 22, 2012. The district court found that
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Kansas appellate courts have already interpreted K.S.A. 41-2615 to impose an absolute
duty on a private club to not permit the consumption of alcoholic beverages by a minor
on its premises. Further, the district court held that, although the testimony may have
been inconsistent or contradictory, the district court could not reweigh the evidence. The
district court found there was sufficient evidence to support the agency's ruling. Thus, the
district court affirmed the Secretary's decision. Reed's filed a motion to reconsider which
the district court denied. Reed's timely appealed the district court's judgment.

On appeal, Reed's claims that the agency and the district court erred in finding that
K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes strict liability on a licensee such that the statute is violated
whenever a minor possesses or consumes alcohol on the licensee's premises. Next, Reed's
claims that even if K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes strict liability on a licensee, there was
insufficient evidence to support a finding that Shupe possessed or consumed alcohol at
Reed's on the night in question. We will address each of these claims in turn.

STRICT LIABILITY UNDER K.S.A. 41-2615

Reed's primary argument is that the agency and the district court erred in finding
that K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes strict liability on a licensee such that the statute is violated
whenever a minor possesses or consumes alcoholic liquor or a cereal malt beverage on
the licensee's premises. Reed's contends that the use of the word "permit" in the statute
precludes such an interpretation because the statute requires the licensee to permit the
minor to possess or consume the prohibited beverage. Relying on prior caselaw to define
"permit," and distinguishing the cases upon which the district court relied, Reed's asserts
that a plain reading of the statute supports its position. Because the agency and the district
court did not find that Reed's or any of its employees permitted Shupe to possess or
consume alcohol on its premises, Reed's concludes that the agency and the district court
erred in finding that it violated the statute.

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The ABC contends that the Department can impose either civil or criminal
sanctions for a violation of K.S.A. 41-2615 and that in the context of a civil regulatory
proceeding, the statute imposes strict liability on a licensee whenever a minor possesses
or consumes alcohol on its premises. The ABC argues that the evidence was sufficient to
uphold the $500 civil penalty that the Department assessed against Reed's.

An appeal from the Secretary's final order is subject to judicial review under the
Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA). K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-603(a). The burden of
proving the invalidity of the agency action rests on the party asserting the invalidity.
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(a). The scope of appellate review is governed by K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 77-621(c)(4), which states that this court shall grant relief if it determines that "the
agency has erroneously interpreted or applied the law." Previously, Kansas courts
generally showed deference to an administrative agency's interpretation of a statute that
the agency administers. See, e.g., Coma Corporation v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 283 Kan.
625, 629, 154 P.3d 1080 (2007). As both parties here recognize, however, the Kansas
Supreme Court no longer extends such deference to an agency's statutory interpretation.
See, e.g., In re Tax Appeal of LaFarge Midwest, 293 Kan. 1039, 1044, 271 P.3d 732
(2012). Because this issue depends upon statutory interpretation, which is a question of
law, this court's review is unlimited. See Milano's Inc. v. Kansas Dept. of Labor, 296
Kan. 497, 500, 293 P.3d 707 (2013).

"'When courts are called upon to interpret statutes, the fundamental rule
governing our interpretation is that "the intent of the legislature governs if that intent can
be ascertained. The legislature is presumed to have expressed its intent through the
language of the statutory scheme it enacted." [Citation omitted.] For this reason, when the
language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, courts "need not resort to statutory
construction." [Citation omitted.] Instead, "[w]hen the language is plain and
unambiguous, an appellate court is bound to implement the expressed intent." [Citation
omitted.]'" 296 Kan. at 500-01.

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The statute at issue here is part of the statutory scheme governing the licensure and
regulation of the sale of liquor by the drink. See K.S.A. 41-2601 et seq. K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 41-2615 states as follows:

"(a) No licensee or permit holder, or any owner, officer or employee thereof,
shall knowingly or unknowingly permit the possession or consumption of alcoholic
liquor or cereal malt beverage by a minor on premises where alcoholic beverages are sold
by such licensee or permit holder, except that a licensee's or permit holder's employee
who is not less than 18 years of age may serve alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage
under the on-premises supervision of the licensee or permit holder, or an employee who
is 21 years of age or older.
"(b) Violation of this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not less
than $100 and not more than $250 or imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, or both.
"(c) It shall be a defense to a prosecution under this section if: (1) The defendant
permitted the minor to possess or consume the alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage
with reasonable cause to believe that the minor was 21 or more years of age; and (2) to
possess or consume the alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage, the minor exhibited to
the defendant a driver's license, Kansas nondriver's identification card or other official or
apparently official document that reasonably appears to contain a photograph of the
minor and purporting to establish that such minor was 21 or more years of age."

K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615(b) provides that a violation of the statute is a
misdemeanor criminal offense. However, K.S.A. 41-2633a authorizes civil enforcement
of the statute and a civil fine not exceeding $1,000 for each violation of any statute
regulating the sale of liquor by the drink. See also K.A.R. 14-16-15 and K.A.R. 14-16-
25(b) (regulations concerning civil enforcement of statutes regulating sale of liquor).

The key statutory language at issue in this case is found at K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-
2615(a) which provides that "[n]o licensee or permit holder, or any owner, officer or
employee thereof, shall knowingly or unknowingly permit the possession or consumption
of alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage by a minor on premises where alcoholic
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beverages are sold by such licensee or permit holder . . . ." (Emphasis added.) Caselaw
interpreting and applying this statutory language is rare, but both parties discuss State v.
Sleeth, 8 Kan. App. 2d 652, 664 P.2d 883 (1983), and Sanctuary, Inc. v. Smith, 12 Kan.
App. 2d 38, 733 P.2d 839 (1987), which examined a prior version of K.S.A. 41-2615(a).

In Sleeth, Darlene Sleeth was the owner and operator of the Tiger Island private
club. In January 1982, a customer under the legal drinking age consumed an alcoholic
beverage at Tiger Island. During a routine age check, Junction City police officers
discovered the customer was underage and arrested him; he subsequently pled guilty to
possession of an alcoholic beverage by a minor. Although she was not present and did not
consent to the minor's purchase or consumption of the beverage, Sleeth was charged with
sale of an alcoholic beverage to a minor, in violation of K.S.A. 41-2615. The district
court found Sleeth guilty, sentenced her to 15 days in jail, and fined her $100. Sleeth
appealed, arguing that her conviction could not be sustained in light of the fact that she
was not present at, had no knowledge of, and did not consent to or authorize the sale of
alcohol to a minor.

As it existed at the time, K.S.A. 41-2615 provided:

"'No club licensed hereunder shall knowingly or unknowingly permit the
consumption of alcoholic liquor or cereal malt beverage on its premises by a minor and
no minor shall consume or attempt to consume any alcoholic liquor or cereal malt
beverage while in or upon the premises of a club licensed hereunder or as prohibited by
K.S.A. 41-715 and any amendments thereto. The owner of any club, any officer or any
employee thereof, who shall permit the consumption of alcoholic liquor or cereal malt
beverage on the premises of the club by a minor shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor
and upon conviction shall be subject to the same penalty as prescribed by K.S.A. 41-715
for violation of that section.'" 8 Kan. App. 2d at 654.

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On appeal, this court examined the statute and found that it was neither purely
penal nor purely regulatory but was a hybrid. 8 Kan. App. 2d at 655. The first sentence of
the statute was directed at "clubs," which cannot be punished criminally; therefore, that
portion was regulatory. 8 Kan. App 2d at 655-56. The second sentence of the statute,
however, was aimed at people—owners, officers, or employees of a club—and made
violation of its terms a misdemeanor; thus, the second sentence was penal. 8 Kan. App.
2d at 656. The Sleeth court noted that the second sentence did not contain the "qualifying
phrase 'knowingly or unknowingly.'" 8 Kan. App. 2d at 656. Defining permit as to
expressly or formally consent, to allow, to tolerate, or to authorize, the court found that
"[t]he omission of the phrase 'knowingly or unknowingly' from the second sentence of
the statute is a clear indication of a legislative intent to infuse that penal provision with a
scienter requirement." 8 Kan. App. 2d at 656. Because Sleeth was neither present at nor
consented to the act of her employee in serving the minor the prohibited beverage, the
court reversed her criminal conviction and remanded for entry of a judgment of acquittal.
8 Kan. App. 2d at 658.

Four years later, Sanctuary, Inc., addressed the statute again, in a civil context.
The ABC fined Sanctuary, a private club, $500 for serving alcohol to a minor, thereby
violating K.S.A. 41-2615; the version in effect at the time was identical to that analyzed
in Sleeth. Sanctuary then attempted to recover the fine in a small claims action against the
minor, but the district court granted summary judgment to the minor. Following the
Sleeth rationale, the Sanctuary, Inc. court found that K.S.A. 41-2615 "imposes upon a
private club an absolute duty not to permit the consumption of alcoholic liquor or cereal
malt beverage by a minor on its premises." 12 Kan. App. 2d at 39. Thus, the court held
"that the strict regulatory policy expressed in the first sentence of K.S.A. 41-2615 bars
any fraud action by a private club against a minor to recover penalties imposed against
the club for serving the minor in violation of K.S.A. 41-2615." 12 Kan. App. 2d at 39.

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The decisions in Sleeth and Sanctuary, Inc. emphasized the fact that the first
sentence of K.S.A. 41-2615 addressed only "clubs," not people, and was therefore
regulatory, not penal, in nature. But the statute as it exists in the instant case no longer
makes that distinction. The current statute applies to any licensee or permit holder, or any
owner, officer, or employee thereof, and prohibits all such persons from "knowingly or
unknowingly" permitting the possession or consumption of alcohol by a minor on the
premises. The amended version of the statute was addressed by the Kansas Supreme
Court in State v. JC Sports Bar, Inc., 253 Kan. 815, 861 P.2d 1334 (1993). In that case,
while conducting random bar checks and looking through the front window of the JC
Sports Bar, a member of the Geary County Sheriff's Office saw a person he knew to be a
minor pick up a cup of beer and drink from it. The evidence was uncontroverted that no
employee of JC Sports Bar sold or gave the minor the beer or knew he had taken a drink;
an acquaintance who had left the bar earlier had left the beer on the table. JC Sports Bar,
Inc., the owner of JC Sports Bar and the holder of a cereal malt beverage license for the
premises, and Jong S. Song, the owner of the corporation, were charged with "'knowingly
or unknowingly' permitting the consumption of a cereal malt beverage by . . . a minor."
253 Kan. at 816.

The district court found there was no evidence that the owner or any employee of
the bar knowingly or unknowingly committed any act that permitted the minor to
consume the beer and "'because there was no illegal act committed [by the owner or
employee], there is no act which constitutes any conduct which falls within the statutory
language of "knowingly or unknowingly permit."'" 253 Kan. at 818. Thus, the district
court determined that JC Sports Bar, Inc., and Song had not criminally violated the law.

The State appealed on a question reserved, and our Supreme Court examined
"whether the language 'knowingly or unknowingly permit' as set forth in K.S.A. 1992
Supp. 41-2615(a) imposes an absolute duty to prohibit the consumption of alcoholic
liquor or cereal malt beverages by minors on a licensee's premises." 253 Kan. at 818. As
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the ABC does here, the State argued in JC Sports Bar, Inc. that the plain language of the
statute imposed an absolute duty. Also similarly, both parties in JC Sports Bar, Inc. relied
upon Sleeth to support their positions. Our Supreme Court noted that the statute had been
amended since Sleeth but stated that Sleeth and Sanctuary, Inc. were relevant because the
phrase "knowingly or unknowingly permit" had survived the amendment process. 253
Kan. at 820-21.

The JC Sports Bar, Inc. court went on to state that no legislative history shed light
on why the language "knowingly or unknowingly permit" was used in the statute or on its
intended impact. 253 Kan. at 821. But because the statute was being enforced in a
criminal proceeding, the court concluded that it was required to strictly construe the
statute and decide any reasonable doubt about the interpretation in favor of the accused.
253 Kan. at 821. The court stated that although the Sleeth and Sanctuary, Inc. courts
found that the phrase "knowingly or unknowingly permit" created absolute liability,
"those cases involved civil liability and were decided under a more liberal standard than
must be applied to the present statute." 253 Kan. at 823. Despite acknowledging the fact
that the legislature has the authority to enact criminal statutes that create absolute liability
offenses, the court held that the legislature here, by using the language "knowingly or
unknowingly permit," meant to require some action or inaction of a greater magnitude
than merely opening for business on the night in question before criminal liability would
attach. 253 Kan. at 821-23. The court concluded that "K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 41-2615(a)
does not establish absolute liability under the facts of this case and does not clearly
indicate a legislative purpose to do so." (Emphasis added.) 253 Kan. at 823.

Reed's argues that based on J.C. Sports Bar, Inc., there must be evidence of some
action or inaction whereby the licensee permitted a minor to possess or consume alcohol
on the premises in order for the licensee to be liable for violating K.S.A. 41-2615. In
other words, Reed's argues that in order for it to liable for violating the statute, there must
have been evidence supporting a finding by the Director that a Reed's employee actually
14

served beer to Shupe or observed him drinking beer on the premises and did nothing to
prevent it. Reed's argues that the agency and the district court erred in finding that K.S.A.
41-2615 imposed strict liability on Reed's based only on a finding that Shupe possessed
and consumed alcohol on the premises.

Reed's arguments would be more persuasive if this case was a criminal
prosecution. But the ABC contends that the Department can impose either civil or
criminal sanctions for a violation of K.S.A. 41-2615 and that in the context of a civil
regulatory proceeding, the statute imposes strict liability on a licensee whenever a minor
possesses or consumes alcohol on its premises. The ABC argues that in order for the
Department to impose a civil fine on Reed's for violating K.S.A. 41-2615, it is enough
that the evidence established that Shupe possessed or consumed beer on the premises, and
it was unnecessary to establish that Reed's employees permitted the act by actually
serving the beer to Shupe or by observing him drink beer on the premises.

The Supreme Court's holding in JC Sports Bar, Inc., turned upon the fact that the
case involved a criminal prosecution against the owner of the tavern and there was no
evidence that the tavern owner or any of its employees served alcohol to the minor or had
any knowledge that the minor consumed alcohol on the premises. The Supreme Court in
JC Sports Bar, Inc., acknowledged that the Sleeth and Sanctuary, Inc. courts found that
the phrase "knowingly or unknowingly permit" in K.S.A. 41-2615 created absolute
liability, but the court stated that "those cases involved civil liability and were decided
under a more liberal standard than must be applied to the present statute." 253 Kan. at
823. The Supreme Court concluded that because K.S.A. 41-2615(a) did not clearly
establish absolute liability under the facts of the case, any doubt must be resolved in favor
of the accused in the criminal prosecution. 253 Kan. at 823. As ABC argues, had JC
Sports Bar, Inc., been a civil case, like we have here, the Supreme Court likely would
have concluded that the phrase "knowingly or unknowingly permit" creates absolute
liability for a violation of the statute, as the Sleeth and Sanctuary, Inc. courts concluded.
15

The key language of K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615(a) provides that no licensee shall
"knowingly or unknowingly permit" the possession or consumption of alcohol by a minor
on its premises. In interpreting a statute, an appellate court must first attempt to ascertain
legislative intent through the statutory language enacted, giving common words their
ordinary meanings. Northern Natural Gas Co. v. ONEOK Field Services Co., 296 Kan.
906, 918, 296 P.3d 1106 (2013). The term "permit" is defined to mean "to consent to" or
"to give opportunity for." Black's Law Dictionary 1255 (9th ed. 2009). See also State v.
Wilson, 267 Kan. 550, 560, 987 P.2d 1060 (1999) (to permit commonly means to give
consent, to authorize, to make possible, or to give an opportunity).

Under the plain language of the statute, Reed's "unknowingly permitted" Shupe to
consume alcohol on the premises merely by allowing him to enter the premises and by
serving alcohol in an area within Shupe's reach. Although a scienter requirement may be
imposed by courts in a criminal prosecution where the defendant's liberty is at stake, we
agree with the ABC that the plain language of K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615(a) prohibits a
licensee from knowingly or unknowingly permitting the possession or consumption of
alcohol by a minor on its premises. Applying the statute to the facts of this case, in order
to find Reed's liable for violating the statute, it is enough that the evidence established
that Shupe possessed or consumed beer on Reed's premises, and it was unnecessary to
establish that Reed's employees permitted the act by actually serving the beer to Shupe or
by observing him drink beer on the premises. Reed's would have had a defense to the
prosecution had the evidence established that Shupe exhibited identification purporting to
establish that he was 21 years of age. See K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615(c). But Shupe and
Bourdon both testified that no employee of Reed's ever asked to see identification when
they purchased and consumed the beer at Reed's.

Moreover, we note with significance that after hearing the evidence presented at
the administrative hearing, the Director made a specific factual finding that "Reed's
employees delivered pitchers and cups to the table where Shupe was obviously in
16

possession of and consuming the beer." Thus, the record is clear that the Director found
that Reed's employees did, in fact, commit an act that permitted Shupe to possess and
consume beer on the premises, although the Director ultimately did not rely on this
finding in concluding that Reed's was civilly liable for violating the statute. Based on the
evidence presented at the administrative hearing, we conclude that the agency and the
district court did not err in finding that Reed's was responsible for ensuring that minors
do not possess or consume alcoholic beverages on its premises and that K.S.A. 2012
Supp. 41-2615 imposed strict civil liability on Reed's when Shupe consumed alcohol on
the premises.

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Finally, as a separate issue, Reed's argues that even if K.S.A. 41-2615 imposes
strict liability on a licensee, there was insufficient evidence to support a finding that
Shupe possessed or consumed alcohol at Reed's on the night in question. Reed's contends
that because Shupe and Bourdon told inconsistent stories, their testimony was not
credible. Moreover, Reed's argues that the evidence was not substantial because it was
not based on observations made by law enforcement officers or corroborated by
independent evidence outside Shupe's and Bourdon's statements.

K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(c)(7) provides that a court shall grant relief from an
agency action if it determines that

"the agency action is based on a determination of fact, made or implied by the agency,
that is not supported to the appropriate standard of proof by evidence that is substantial
when viewed in light of the record as a whole, which includes the agency record for
judicial review, supplemented by any additional evidence received by the court under this
act."

17

Substantial evidence is evidence that a reasonable person could accept as being
sufficient to support the conclusion reached. In re Protests of Oakhill Land Co., 46 Kan.
App. 2d 1105, 1114, 269 P.3d 876 (2012). Reed's bears the burden of proving that the
determination of fact is not properly supported to the appropriate standard of proof. See
K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(a)(1).

K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-621(d) goes on to explain:

"For purposes of this section, 'in light of the record as a whole' means that the
adequacy of the evidence in the record before the court to support a particular finding of
fact shall be judged in light of all the relevant evidence in the record cited by any party
that detracts from such finding as well as all of the relevant evidence in the record,
compiled pursuant to K.S.A. 77-620, and amendments thereto, cited by any party that
supports such finding, including any determinations of veracity by the presiding officer
who personally observed the demeanor of the witness and the agency's explanation of
why the relevant evidence in the record supports its material findings of fact. In
reviewing the evidence in light of the record as a whole, the court shall not reweigh the
evidence or engage in de novo review."

As Reed's points out, under this direction, this court must consider "whether the evidence
supporting the agency's decision has been so undermined by cross-examination or other
evidence that it is insufficient to support the agency's conclusion." Herrera-Gallegos v.
H&H Delivery Service, Inc., 42 Kan. App. 2d 360, 363, 212 P.3d 239 (2009).

Specifically, Reed's challenges the Director's finding that "Shupe did possess and
consume alcoholic liquor on the licensed premises"; Reed's states that each piece of
evidence presented at the hearing that supported this finding was contradicted on at least
one occasion and was undermined by Reed's denial that Shupe possessed or consumed
alcohol on its premises. At the hearing, Chapman testified that Bourdon first denied that
18

Shupe was at Reed's but later admitted that Shupe was there and had been drinking beer.
According to Chapman, Bourdon maintained that he had purchased the beer, not Shupe.

Chapman also testified that he spoke with a Reed's employee who said he
remembered a young man at Reed's on the night in question who was with a man fitting
Bourdon's description; the employee told Chapman that the younger man did not drink
and stayed at an outside table the entire night. Chapman further testified that Shupe told
him that Shupe drank some beer Bourdon purchased and later purchased a pitcher
himself. In his initial written statement to police, Shupe stated that he drank beer at
Reed's but did not mention buying any beer; Shupe's second written statement, however,
stated that he bought a pitcher of beer from a waitress while sitting outside at a table.

Bourdon testified at the hearing that he saw Shupe drink multiple beers at Reed's
on the night in question. Bourdon believed that Shupe purchased beer that night, although
he did not see Shupe do so, because he saw Shupe come back from the bar with a pitcher
of beer. Bourdon testified that his statement to Chapman that Shupe did not buy any
alcoholic drinks at Reed's was said in sarcasm and that he later told Chapman that it was
sarcastic statement. Counsel for Reed's pointed out that Chapman did not testify that
Bourdon told him the original statement was not meant to be taken as truth.

When Shupe testified at the hearing, he stated that when he first got to Reed's on
the night in question, he "went straight up to the bar [and] got a pitcher of beer." He
further testified that throughout the evening, he purchased two pitchers of beer and
consumed some of the beer that members of his party bought. On cross-examination,
Shupe admitted that his first written statement said nothing about his buying beer; instead
the statement said that he drank from pitchers of beer at the table when he got there and
that his second written statement said that he bought one pitcher of beer at the end of the
night. Shupe testified that there was actually a third version of events: the version to
which he testified at the hearing, in which he purchased two pitchers of beer. To explain
19

the differences in his statements, Shupe stated that he was "pretty intoxicated" and
terrified by being in trouble when he wrote the first statement and, when he wrote the
second statement, he was only counting the one pitcher of beer he purchased completely
with his own money; he and Bourdon split the cost of another pitcher of beer.

The Director found that the evidence established that Shupe consumed beer at
Reed's. As the Director noted, the discrepancies between Shupe's statements concerned
the amount of beer he consumed and whether he purchased beer, not the fact that he
consumed. On appeal, the Secretary aptly noted that "the Director obviously believed the
testimony of Mr. Shupe and/or Mr. Bourdon to the effect that Mr. Shupe possessed or
consumed alcoholic liquor while on the licensed premises. Although a different trier of
fact could potentially find otherwise, the Director's decision is based on substantial
evidence." Accordingly, the Secretary upheld the factual finding that Shupe possessed
and consumed alcoholic liquor while at Reed's. Similarly, the district court found that the
Director clearly "made a credibility determination which this Court does not dispute upon
examination of all the testimony" and concluded that the determination that Shupe
possessed and consumed alcohol at Reed's "is supported to the appropriate standard of
proof by evidence which is substantial when viewed in light of the record as a while."

Considered in light of the record as a whole, taking into account the inconsistent
nature of their statements, Shupe's direct testimony that he drank beer at Reed's and
Bourdon's similar testimony comprise substantial evidence that supports the Director's
finding that Shupe consumed beer at Reed's. Despite Reed's urging, this court does not
reweigh the evidence or make credibility determinations. See K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 77-
621(d). As previously stated, the Director also found that Reed's employees permitted
Shupe to consume the beer by delivering pitchers and cups to the table where Shupe was
obviously in possession of and consuming the beer. We conclude there was sufficient
evidence to support the finding that Reed's violated K.S.A. 2012 Supp. 41-2615.

20

Affirmed.