262 Kan. 615
(938 P2d 1293)
No. 76,846
DONALD F. JARBOE and LINDA P. JARBOE, Co-Guardians and Co-Conservators For JASON M. JARBOE, a disabled person, Appellants/cross-appellees, v. THE BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF SEDGWICK COUNTY, KANSAS, Appellee/cross-appellant, and WILLIAM C. VANN, Defendant, and JANET SCHALANSKY, ACTING SECRETARY OF SOCIAL AND REHABILITATION SERVICES, an Agency of the State of Kansas, and THE STATE OF KANSAS, Appellees/cross-appellants.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. The legislative history of K.S.A. 75-6104(d) makes it clear that the 1987 amendment to that statute was intended to not allow the result in Fudge v. City of Kansas City, 239 Kan. 369, 720 P.2d 1093 (1986), to remain as the law in Kansas. Fudge can no longer be relied upon as valid precedent to establish liability as a result of a public employee's failure to follow written personnel policies, unless an independent duty of care is owed to the injured party.
2. Agency policies and procedures should not be read so strictly that the agency's inherent functions are impaired.
3. Although a government agency does not have a discretionary right to violate a legal duty and avoid liability, a legal duty to the public at large is not equivalent to a legal duty to a specific individual.
4. An agency's interpretation of its own regulations should be granted deference and not disturbed on appeal unless clearly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulations.
Appeal from Sedgwick district court; C. ROBERT BELL, judge. Opinion filed June 6, 1997. Affirmed.
Loren H. Houk, of Wichita, argued the cause and was on the briefs for appellants/cross-appellees.
Michael George, of Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services, of Topeka, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellees/cross-appellants Janet Schalansky and State of Kansas.
Greer Gsell, of Woodard, Blaylock, Hernandez, Roth & Day, of Wichita, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellee/cross-appellant Board of County Commissioners of Sedgwick County.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
LARSON, J.: This is a personal injury action brought by Donald and Linda Jarboe, co-guardians and co-conservators for their son, Jason M. Jarboe, who was shot and severely injured by Charles Edward Clare, an escapee from a youth residence facility where he had been placed by the Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services (SRS) following a juvenile court adjudication in Sedgwick County, Kansas. The defendants are the Board of County Commissioners of Sedgwick County, (Sedgwick County) as the operators of the juvenile residence facility, and SRS. The Jarboes alleged negligence in the placement and supervision of Clare.
The trial court determined the defendants were immune from liability under what is now K.S.A. 1996 Supp. 75-6104(d) and (e) of the Kansas Tort Claims Act (KTCA) and granted summary judgment in their favor. The Jarboes appealed. The defendants cross-appealed the trial court's failure to also find they were entitled to immunity under what is now K.S.A. 1996 Supp. 75-6104(b).
Factual statement
The trial court essentially accepted SRS's and Sedgwick County's statements of material fact that were not controverted by the Jarboes. It ruled the remaining facts were not material for a proper determination of the legal issues.
Charles Edward Clare was adjudicated a juvenile offender for unlawful deprivation of property (joy riding) on November 4, 1992. Clare had previously been subject to adjudications in juvenile court for misdemeanor criminal damage to property and misdemeanor theft in July 1990, and misdemeanor battery because of a fistfight in October 1990. Clare received probation for each of these prior offenses and successfully completed each probation period.
Clare had also been hospitalized for his aggressive and antisocial behavior, first, at Charter Hospital in Wichita (Charter) from January 24, 1988, to February 23, 1988, and again at Charter from October 29, 1990, to January 3, 1991. The later hospitalization followed the battery adjudication. The physicians at Charter recommended Clare's transfer to the Shadow Mountain Institute (Shadow Mountain) in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for extended inpatient treatment, which is where Clare remained from January 4, 1991, to May 10, 1991.
The court services officer who prepared Clare's predisposition report for the unlawful deprivation of property offense recommended probation. However, the juvenile court ruled that Clare should be placed in the custody of SRS and recommended an out-of-home placement. No specific placement was suggested.
At that time, the making of placement decisions for juveniles in SRS custody was controlled by section 4521 of the SRS Kansas Manual of Youth Services (KMYS). That section, entitled "Levels of Care Facilities for Group Boarding Homes/Residential Centers," provided:
"The effectiveness of the referral process depends on the extent to which significant behavior characteristics of the youth can be identified. An effective service delivery system must provide a means for placing clients in agencies with programs relevant to their service needs.
A. All referrals of youth to level of care group boarding homes and residential centers will be based on the matching of the child's characteristics with the specific level of care provided by the facility.
B. Based upon the well-substantiated data regarding the child gathered from all available sources, the child's service worker, with the assistance of the administrative review/staffing team shall complete the Placement Behavior Scale [YS-3409].
C. The administrative review/staffing team will identify and assign the overall level of care for the child or youth.
D. Based upon the assigned overall level of care for the child or youth, the administrative/staffing team will identify from the Residential Services for Children and Youth Resource Directory the appropriate level group home or residential center to which the child or youth shall be referred."
The SRS case worker assigned to Clare's case was Shari New. In making the placement, New interviewed Clare; reviewed documents from the juvenile court, educational records, psychological evaluations, and medical discharge summaries; considered the results of an interview by an intern with Clare's mother; and examined form 815, the Comprehensive Information Sheet--Juvenile Offender, which had replaced form YS-3409 (a requirement of section 4521 of the KMYS).
New was aware of Clare's hospitalization history, but did not seek or obtain Clare's medical records from Shadow Mountain before making a placement recommendation. New also did not receive Clare's entire medical record from Charter, although she read psychological evaluations and medical discharge summaries from at least two doctors at the hospital. She admitted in a deposition that she had not obtained data from "all available sources," but maintained in an affidavit that nothing in the Shadow Mountain records would have changed her placement decision.
New referred Clare to two licensed residential facilities, Judge Riddel Boys Ranch (JRBR), a level V residential facility, and Elm Acres Home, a level IV residential facility. Level IV facilities are less restrictive than level V facilities, as residents may attend public schools rather than receive in-house schooling. A level V facility is defined in the KMYS as a "non-secure facility providing 24-hour residential care for children and youth with severe maladaptive or disruptive behavior who require a program which provides consistent structure, frequent therapeutic intervention, a controlled environment with a high degree of supervision."
In making the referral of Clare to these facilities, New deemed Clare to be a nonviolent offender despite his misdemeanor battery charge. Clare was accepted at both facilities, but was placed in JRBR because Elm Acres Home was full.
Sedgwick County owns and operates JRBR, a treatment facility for male juvenile offenders. Admissions criteria for JRBR are consistent with level V care standards established by the State of Kansas. Those eligible for admission must meet the following criteria, according to JRBR Policy 17.1, III.B.:
"1. Male, court adjudicated juvenile offenders who have been Court ordered through a Kansas Juvenile Court into State custody for out-of-home placement.
"2. Be between the ages of 13 and 18 and a resident of one of the following counties: Sedgwick, Sumner, Reno, Cowley, Kingman, Butler, Harvey.
"3. Be referred by an SRS social worker from one of the Area Offices serving one of the counties identified above in item 2.
"4. The juvenile has been adjudicated for offenses deemed to be nonviolent and has no history of violence against others that involves the use of weapons.
"5. The juvenile shows indications of being amenable to counseling and expresses willingness to working the program by cooperating with rules, participating in counseling, working in school and taking part in program services to the best of their ability.
"6. The juvenile is not an obvious runaway risk."
Mark Masterson, the Assistant Director of the Department of Youth Services in Sedgwick County, made admissions decisions for JRBR and authored the admissions policy. Masterson reviewed information in the referral package sent by SRS regarding Clare's criminal history, hospitalizations, education, and health; performed a computer background check; and interviewed Clare, his mother, and New. In deciding to accept Clare, Masterson considered Clare an average level V referral and did not deem him to be a violent offender by reason of his misdemeanor battery charge. Although Masterson was aware that Clare had received an early discharge from Shadow Mountain, he did not obtain the hospital's records. Masterson stated in an affidavit that nothing in the Shadow Mountain records would have altered his decision to admit Clare to JRBR.
The record does not support the Jarboes' contention that examination by New and Masterson of the Shadow Mountain records would have provided information making Clare ineligible for placement and admission to JRBR. The Jarboes' expert stated there were red flags in the information already available that should have warned the defendants, not that the missing records contained further critical information. The Jarboes also claim the Shadow Mountain records would have revealed that Clare required the use of isolation rooms, but their expert indicated this information was included in the materials New reviewed prior to making her placement decision.
The Jarboes further contend the complete Charter records would have revealed Clare may have tried to give a piece of metal to a girl to cut her wrists, although such information may not even have been discovered or appreciated by a nonexpert reading the voluminous records. Just prior to mentioning this incident, the Jarboes' expert indicated, "There were various and sundry comments in the Charter records. We have to go through those piece by piece."
When SRS placed Clare at JRBR on February 3, 1993, he had no prior history of leaving any hospital, SRS institution, youth residential facility, or community mental health center without authorization. JRBR is not a prison. It is not enclosed by fences. Its doors remain unlocked. It has no armed guards. Pursuant to JRBR Policy 8.2 and 9.3, staff members are prohibited from using active force or physical restraints to prevent residents from leaving the premises and are prohibited from chasing residents who depart. When a resident is determined to be absent without leave, JRBR policy requires the shift supervisor to file a runaway report with the sheriff by calling 911 as soon as possible.
After stuffing their beds to make them appear occupied and tearing a window screen, Clare and a roommate climbed out the window and walked away from JRBR on February 18, 1993, some time between 11 p.m. and midnight. The parties dispute the actual time of departure, but the records clearly indicate Clare's absence was discovered by at least midnight and immediately reported to the Sedgwick County Sheriff.
A JRBR logbook indicates Clare mentioned leaving the facility on February 15, 1993. JRBR policy requires room checks to be made every 15 minutes between 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. In a deposition, Clare testified that room checks were not done more than once an hour and that he left after the 11 p.m. check. Clare also alleged that he would have returned to JRBR if he had been detected trying to leave.
After leaving JRBR, Clare stayed at a friend's house until about 5 a.m. He then stole a vehicle left running at a Goddard convenience store, drove to Wichita, and picked up a friend, who brought a loaded gun. At about 1:20 p.m. on February 19, 1993, while driving around, Clare fired at a pickup truck and shot Jason Jarboe. Jarboe suffered serious head injuries and is permanently disabled. Clare pled nolo contendere to several counts of unlawful discharge of a firearm at an occupied vehicle and unlawful deprivation of property and was incarcerated.
Although the Jarboes claim their disputed evidence raises issues of material fact precluding summary judgment, all this evidence relates to the standard of care by New, Masterson, and the JRBR staff and is relevant only to the proving of negligence. It does not bear upon the issue of whether SRS and Sedgwick County are entitled to immunity pursuant to the KTCA, nor does it preclude us from considering the grant of summary judgment.
The Jarboes' suit asserted negligence on the part of SRS for placing Clare at JRBR and on the part of JRBR for accepting Clare and failing to keep him confined. The Jarboes also sued the driver of the truck Clare stole. The driver obtained an order of summary judgment, which the Jarboes did not appeal.
SRS and Sedgwick County moved for summary judgment, alleging immunity pursuant to 75-6104(d) and (e). Following the Jarboes' response to their motions, SRS and Sedgwick County amended their motion to also assert immunity under 75-6104(b).
The trial court ruled that both SRS and Sedgwick County were immune from liability under 75-6104(d) and (e) and granted summary judgment. The Jarboes appeal. SRS and Sedgwick County cross-appeal the trial court's failure to find that they were also immune from suit pursuant to 75-6104(b). The case was transferred to us pursuant to K.S.A. 20-3018(c). We affirm the trial court and consequently do not consider the cross-appeal.
Standard of Review
A party is entitled to summary judgment if "there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." K.S.A. 60-256(c).
"Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. When opposing a motion for summary judgment, an adverse party must come forward with evidence to establish a dispute as to a material fact. In order to preclude summary judgment, the facts subject to the dispute must be material to the conclusive issues in the case." Mitzner v. State Dept. of SRS, 257 Kan. 258, 260, 891 P.2d 435 (1995).
We are obligated on appeal to resolve all facts and inferences reasonably drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom summary judgment was entered. Summary judgment should be denied where reasonable minds could differ as to the conclusions to be drawn from the evidence. Gragg v. Wichita State Univ., 261 Kan. 1037, 1044, 934 P.2d 121 (1997). However, simply because the Jarboes have asserted something as true, without factual support in the record, we are not required to accept the evidentiary basis for their claims. In P.W. v. Kansas Dept. of SRS, 255 Kan. 827, 830, 877 P.2d 430 (1994), we said:
"It is incumbent on the party opposing a motion for summary judgment to counter alleged uncontroverted facts with something of evidentiary value. Glenn v. Fleming, 247 Kan. 296, 305, 799 P.2d 79 (1990). Courts have discretion to treat a fact as uncontroverted when the party controverting the alleged uncontroverted fact fails to cite any factual authority for support. Danes v. St. David's Episcopal Church, 242 Kan. 822, 830, 752 P.2d 653 (1988)."
The trial court's conclusion that SRS and Sedgwick County are immune from liability under exceptions to the KTCA is a matter of law. See Bolyard v. Kansas Dept. of SRS, 259 Kan. 447, 451, 912 P.2d 729 (1996). We have unlimited review of questions of law. T.S.I. Holdings, Inc. v. Jenkins, 260 Kan. 703, 716, 924 P.2d 1239 (1996).
Arguments and authorities not primarily considered
We first point out that we do not base our decision on the contentions of SRS and Sedgwick County, raised for the first time on appeal, that they owed no duty to Jarboe. Ordinarily, issues not raised to the trial court cannot be raised on appeal. Furthmyer v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 256 Kan. 825, 828, 888 P.2d 832 (1995); see also Bolyard, 259 Kan. 447, Syl. ¶ 8 ("A new legal theory may not be asserted for the first time on appeal or raised in a reply brief.").
However, we do have authority for considering such an issue if it falls under the exceptions restated in State v. Bell, 258 Kan. 123, 126, 899 P.2d 1000 (1995), relying on Pierce v. Board of County Comm'rs, 200 Kan. 74, Syl. ¶ 3, 434 P.2d 858 (1967), where we recognized the following exceptions to the general rule:
"'(1) Cases where the newly asserted theory involves only a question of law arising on proved or admitted facts and which is finally determinative of the case;
"'(2) Questions raised for the first time on appeal if consideration of the same is necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent denial of fundamental rights;
"'(3) That a judgment of a trial court may be upheld on appeal even though that court may have relied on the wrong ground or assigned a wrong reason for its decision.' [Citation omitted.]."
In a recent similar case we will later rely on, Burney v. Kansas Dept. of SRS., 23 Kan. App. 2d 394, 397, 931 P.2d 26 (1997), the Court of Appeals addressed the legal duty argument even though it had not been raised in the trial court. Thus, whether a legal duty exists could similarly be a logical manner of resolving this case and upholding the trial court's decision, even though we do not reach this question.
We keep in mind that a decision to grant summary judgment on the basis of immunity does not mean we acknowledge any duty existed on the part of the defendants to protect Jarboe from Clare's criminal actions. Our recent decision in Gragg, 261 Kan. 1037, clearly raises a real question as to the defendants' ability to control or foresee the criminal conduct of a third party so that liability could be imposed. See P.W., 255 Kan. 827.
Additionally, a discussion of duty would invite comparison to C.J.W. v. State, 253 Kan. 1, 853 P.2d 4 (1993) (holding SRS cannot avoid liability under the KTCA for placing a juvenile in a facility with another juvenile who SRS should have known had violent and sexually devient propensities), and Nero v. Kansas State University, 253 Kan. 567, 861 P.2d 768 (1993) (holding that KSU cannot avoid liability under the KTCA for placing a student in the same dorm as a man accused of committing rape). These cases are clearly distinguishable, however, on the basis that in both instances, the victim, as well as the perpetrator, was under the care, custody, or control of the entity alleged to be negligent.
We decline to resolve this appeal on the question of whether a duty was owed, as such was not the centerpiece of the trial court's grant of summary judgment, and we choose to resolve the case in the same manner as it did. See Sharp v. State, 245 Kan. 749, 753, 783 P.2d 343 (1989), cert. denied 498 U.S. 822 (1990). Nor will we discuss the question recently considered in Gragg, 261 Kan. 1037, of foreseeability, which was not argued to us. Additionally, the involvement of the owner of the stolen vehicle, who may have been an intervening party in the tragic set of circumstances, is not a factor we may consider in this appeal.
Arguments and authorities in issue
We are taught by a long line of cases that governmental immunity is the exception to the general rule:
"The Kansas Tort Claims Act makes liability the rule and immunity the exception, and the burden is on the State to establish its entitlement to any of the exceptions set forth in K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 75-6104. Hopkins v. State, 237 Kan. 601, 609, 702 P.2d 311 (1985). If the State cannot meet this burden, then the general rule of liability set forth in K.S.A. 75-6103 governs. Allen v. Kansas Dept. of S.R.S., 240 Kan. 620, 622, 731 P.2d 314 (1987); Jackson v. City of Kansas City, 235 Kan. 278, 286, 680 P.2d 877 (1984)." C.J.W., 253 Kan. at 13.
Although there is no question that SRS and Sedgwick County are governmental entities, they are still required to demonstrate entitlement to one or more of the statutory exceptions from liability.
K.S.A. 75-6103 sets forth the general rule of liability:
"(a) Subject to the limitations of this act, each governmental entity shall be liable for damages caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any of its employees while acting within the scope of their employment under circumstances where the governmental entity, if a private person, would be liable under the laws of this state."
The exceptions applicable to this case which would exclude liability are found in K.S.A. 1996 Supp. 75-6104:
"A governmental entity or an employee acting within the scope of the employee's employment shall not be liable for damages resulting from:
. . . .
"(b) judicial function;
. . . .
"(d) adoption or enforcement of, or failure to adopt or enforce, any written personnel policy which protects persons' health or safety unless a duty of care, independent of such policy, is owed to the specific individual injured, except that the finder of fact may consider the failure to comply with any written personnel policy in determining the question of negligence;
"(e) any claim based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee, whether or not the discretion is abused and regardless of the level of discretion involved."
The trial court specifically found that both defendants were entitled to immunity pursuant to 75-6104(d) and (e), but made no finding regarding 75-6104(b).
The Jarboes claim SRS can be held liable for their injuries by placing Clare at JRBR for two reasons: (1) New's failure to strictly comply with all the requirements of § 4521B of the KMYS by failing to acquire information from "all available sources" (the Shadow Mountain medical records, as well as all records from Charter) and (2) the professional malpractice of New.
The Jarboes allege Sedgwick County may be found liable because (1) Masterson failed to follow mandatory policies by deeming Clare to be nonviolent despite a history of breaking windows and engaging in fistfights; and (2) JRBR allowed Clare to escape and failed to modify or manage his dangerous propensities, as the staff failed to comply with a JRBR policy requiring room checks every 15 minutes.
The cases relied upon by the Jarboes, P.W., 255 Kan. 827; Fudge v. City of Kansas City, 239 Kan. 369, 720 P.2d 1093 (1986); and Jackson v. City of Kansas City, 235 Kan. 278, 680 P.2d 877 (1984), do not provide any basis to reverse the trial court's decision.
P.W. was a negligence suit against SRS and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) for failure to revoke or suspend the license of a day care provider or take other corrective action when allegations of child abuse had been made. P.W. was resolved, as we could properly resolve the Jarboes' appeal, by our holding that there was neither a special relationship which would give rise to a duty owed by either SRS or KDHE to the plaintiffs under the Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 314A, 315, 316-19, 320, or 324A (1984), nor a duty under the doctrine of parens patriae or under K.S.A. 38-1524. With no duty being owed by SRS or KDHE to P.W., we ordered that the motions for summary judgment of SRS and KDHE be granted.
Such a result would also be proper in this case, as there is a complete absence of any special relationship here which would create a duty to protect a specific individual rather than the public at large from possible criminal attacks. See Gragg, 261 Kan. at 1045.
The Jarboes assert a duty was owed as in Fudge, 239 Kan. 369, because SRS and Sedgwick County employees failed to follow mandatory policies. The Jarboes ignore in their analysis all of the provisions of subsection (d) of the KTCA which were previously set forth. This provision has not been widely interpreted since it was enacted in 1987, but its legislative history and subsequent mention in several cases clearly show that Fudge is no longer a decision that can be relied upon.
In Fudge, we held: "Where police officers are subject to a specific, mandatory set of guidelines to use with regard to handling intoxicated persons, the officers and the employing municipality are subject to liability under the Kansas Tort Claims Act for the failure to follow those guidelines." 239 Kan. 369, Syl. ¶ 3. This decision allowed recovery for a wrongful death resulting from police officers' failure to take a drunken driver into custody when they had the opportunity of doing so. The duty was predicated on a violation of Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A(a), and a substantial judgment against the City of Kansas City was upheld.
This June 13, 1986, result in the Fudge decision was the subject of significant legislative hearings in the fall of 1986 and in 1987. The Kansas Legislature passed H.B. 2023 (L. 1987, ch. 353, § 3), which added a new subsection (d) to K.S.A. 75-6104, which stated:
"A governmental entity or an employee acting within the scope of the employee's employment shall not be liable by damages resulting from
. . . .
"(d) adoption or enforcement of, or failure to adopt or enforce, any written personnel policy which protects persons' health or safety unless a duty of care, independent of such policy, is owed to the specific individual injured, except that the finder of fact may consider the failure to comply with any written personnel policy in determining the question of negligence."
The existing subsection (d) became (e), with the following italicized wording added:
"(e) any claim based upon the exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a governmental entity or employee, whether or not the discretion is abused and regardless of the level of discretion involved."
The legislative history of K.S.A. 75-6104(d) makes it clear that the 1987 amendment was intended to overrule the Fudge decision. The original proposal to amend the KTCA, so that internal government policies could not be used as the basis for finding the existence of a special duty allowing any violation of policy to result in liability, came from the League of Kansas Municipalities. See memorandum from Jim Kaup, League of Kansas Municipalities, to Chairman Joe Knopp and Members of the Special Committee on Tort Reform and Insurance Liability, September 11, 1986. The 1986 Special Committee on Tort Reform and Insurance Liability included the suggested Fudge amendment in its proposed H.B. 2023.
The Special Committee's proposed amendment was essentially the same as that adopted by the 1987 legislature except for the provision regarding the finder of fact. With respect to the Fudge amendment, the Report on Kansas Legislative Interim Studies to the 1987 Legislature 592 (1986) stated that H.B. 2023 "provides that liability cannot be established as a result of public employee's failing to follow written personnel policies unless an independent duty of care is owed to the injured party."
At the 1987 session, the House Judiciary Committee deleted the Fudge amendment from H.B. 2023. The House passed the bill in that form, which then went to the Senate Committee on Judiciary. There, Chairman Winter made a motion to "reinsert the Fudge language and add separate sentence to make it clear that finder [of] fact may consider violation or lack of any personnel problem in determining question of negligence." Minutes of the Senate Committee on Judiciary (March 25, 1987). In addition, the Minutes of the Senate Committee on Judiciary reflect that "Senator Steineger explained the purpose of the motion to re-establish the law as it existed prior to the Fudge existence." After H.B. 2023 went to conference committee, the Fudge amendment remained in its Senate form and subsequently became law.
In Mills v. City of Overland Park, 251 Kan. 434, 448, 837 P.2d 370 (1992), we said:
"The City of Overland Park and the officer defendants urge us to follow the reasoning of amicus curiae and hold that Fudge has been either overruled or modified by the 1987 amendment to K.S.A. 75-6104. L. 1987, ch. 353, § 3. This is the first post-Fudge 75-6104(d) case to reach this court. The effect of 75-6104(d) on Fudge was not argued to the trial court. By virtue of having concluded that plaintiffs have no cause of action in tort against the governmental defendants, we need not determine the issues relative to the Kansas Tort Claims Act (K.S.A. 75-6101 et seq.)."
In addition, the Court of Appeals noted in Beebe v. Fraktman, 22 Kan. App.