IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 95,029
JEREMY L. BRUCH,
Appellant,
v.
KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
Appellee.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. Subject matter jurisdiction is vested by statute and establishes the court's authority to hear and decide a particular type of action. Parties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction by consent, waiver, or estoppel, nor can parties convey jurisdiction on a court by failing to object to its lack of jurisdiction. Whether subject matter jurisdiction exists is a question of law over which this court's scope of review is unlimited.
2. A petition for judicial review of an agency action is jurisdictional and the failure to comply with the pleading requirements set forth in K.S.A. 77-614(b) precludes a litigant's statutorily granted right of appeal.
3. While K.S.A. 8-259 provides for a de novo appeal, it further provides that such review shall be in accordance with the Act for Judicial Review and Civil Enforcement of Agency Actions. We may not ignore the plain language of the Kansas Judicial Review Act (KJRA) in a determination of whether jurisdiction exists in a de novo appeal.
4. K.S.A. 77-614(b) provides specific pleading requirements for a petition for review from an administrative agency. Application of a strict compliance standard is in keeping with the overall intent of the Kansas Legislature in enacting the KJRA and results in apprising both the court and the agency of the positions raised. Compliance with the specific language of K.S.A. 77-614(b) meets the strict compliance requirement.
5. Under the facts of this case, the plaintiff failed to strictly comply with K.S.A. 77-614(b)(5) and (6) by stating in the petition that he was raising the issues of the administration of and consent to a preliminary breath test. Nothing in the petition for review identifies these issues, which are the heart of the plaintiff's appeal.
6. While the district court relied upon a ground not supported in the record that the issue was not litigated by the plaintiff at the administrative hearing, the ultimate conclusion of the court that the plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts in his petition to raise the issue of the admissibility of and consent to the preliminary breath test supports its conclusion that the court did not have subject matter jurisdiction.
Appeal from Reno district court, TIMOTHY J. CHAMBERS, judge. Opinion filed December 22, 2006. Affirmed.
Michael S. Holland, II, of Holland and Holland, of Russell, argued the cause, and Michael S. Holland, of the same firm, was with him on the brief for appellant.
John D. Shultz, of Legal Services Bureau, Kansas Department of Revenue, of Topeka, argued the cause, and was on the brief for appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
DAVIS, J.: The question we must resolve in this appeal is related to an administrative appeal from a driver's license suspension to a district court under the Kansas Act for Judicial Review and Civil Enforcement of Agency Actions (KJRA). More specifically the question raised by this appeal is whether a petitioner must strictly comply with the statutory requirements of K.S.A. 77-614(b) in order to preserve his or her appellate rights. We answer this question yes and, for the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the district court's dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.
Police officer Darrin Truan clocked Jeremy L. Bruch going 43 miles per hour in a 30-mile-per-hour zone and observed Bruch's vehicle twice cross the center line into the other lane before pulling him over. Bruch got out of the car to speak with the officer and did not have any difficulty communicating nor was there any slurring of his speech. Bruch was staring and appeared to be concentrating, which the officer had observed with impaired people before, and one of his passengers was admittedly intoxicated. Bruch at first denied that he had been drinking. During the field sobriety tests, the officer began to smell the odor of alcohol, and he asked Bruch again if he had been drinking. Bruch responded that he had drunk something about 5 hours earlier, but he should be fine to drive. Although he technically passed the field sobriety tests, Bruch exhibited some clues of impairment. While Bruch took more than one preliminary breath test (PBT), the test that he consented to take with Officer Truan yielded a .146 result. Bruch refused to take the Intoxilyzer breath test.
After being arrested for driving under the influence (DUI), Bruch's driving privileges were suspended following an administrative hearing. There was no transcript taken of the administrative hearing, but the handwritten notes of the hearing officer are included in the record on appeal:
"D. Truan - experience since 1992. R [Bruch] was clocked at 43 mph in a 30 mph. R stopped at 4th and Lorraine. R crossed the center line by a few inches one time. Vehicle stopped.
. . . .
"R exit vehicle walked toward officer asked if R had been drinking. At 1st R denied drinking. No odor of ETOH; R ID by KSDL.
. . . .
"PBT .146 - done just prior to arrest; officer still had possession of DL; R not free to go. 2 PBT.
. . . .
"ABC - missed the letter W. Walk and Turn - stepped off line x2; 1 clue; 1 leg stand - put foot down x2. R. stopped at count 27. Test not completed. Done in parking lot.
. . . .
"P.C. [probable cause]--ABC; Walk and Turn, 1 Leg stand; R had a stared look on face, odor of ETOH; R drank 5 hours ago and should be fine.
. . . .
"R. was arrested at 2:36 a.m. Taken to LEC."
Additionally, under the section titled "Other issues raised," the notes stated:
"(1) Lack of R.S. [reasonable suspicion] to start DUI investigation
"(2) Lack of P.C. PBT - improperly administer, and it is an illegal search.
"(3) Due Process Violation inability to subpoena other relevant witness, as applied to licensee, and statute is unconstitution[al] on its face." (Emphasis added.)
Bruch filed a petition for review with the district court which provided in relevant part:
"1. Plaintiff, Jeremy L. Bruch, is a resident of Hutchinson, Kansas; that plaintiff is of legal age.
"2. Defendant Kansas Department of Revenue may be served with service of process and summons by service upon the Kansas Attorney General, 120 SW 10th, Topeka, Kansas 66612, and by service upon the Secretary of Revenue, State Office Building, Topeka, Kansas 66612.
"3. Plaintiff on the 27th day of March, 2004, and on the 7th day of October, 2004, had a valid driver's license or operator's license duly and legally issued by the Motor Vehicle Department of the State of Kansas.
"4. Plaintiff seeks review of the Kansas Department of Revenue's order entered on October 7, 2004, as a result of plaintiff's administrative hearing, suspending plaintiff's driver's license and subsequent statutory restrictions imposed on plaintiff's driver's license pursuant to K.S.A. 8-259.
"5. That on October 7, 2004, the Kansas Department of Revenue, Division of Vehicles, Driver Control Division, issued an order based upon K.S.A. 8-1001 et seq., suspending and/or restricting plaintiff's driving privileges.
"6. That plaintiff seeks review of all issues raised by plaintiff in the October 7, 2004, hearing before the administrative hearing officer, in Hutchinson, Reno County, Kansas.
"7. That the order suspending plaintiff's driving privileges should be vacated by this Court because the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to begin a DUI investigation; the office[r] lacked probable cause to arrest plaintiff; that plaintiff's due process rights were violated because he was not allowed to subpoena relevant witnesses to his administrative hearing; that plaintiff also seeks review of all issues raised before the administrative hearing officer at the October 7, 2004, hearing."
The Kansas Department of Revenue (Department) filed an answer alleging as an affirmative defense that the petition failed to state a claim on which relief could be granted because it failed to comply with K.S.A. 77-614(b). Subsequently, the Department filed a motion to dismiss specifying that the petition failed to set forth the mailing address of the petitioner, failed to identify the persons who were parties in the adjudicative proceeding that led to the agency action, failed to identify the agency action at issue or attach a copy of the order of the administrative action, and failed to allege any facts that demonstrate the petitioner is entitled to judicial review.
Bruch responded that he identified the Department in his petition; that the failure to include the address in the petition was a clerical error subject to amendment; that he identified the address of the Department in the summons; that he identified himself, the department's hearing officer, the order, the subject of the order, and why it was improperly issued; and that the only facts that were required for him to establish he is entitled to judicial review under K.S.A. 8-259 are that an administrative hearing order was issued suspending his driving privileges.
The trial de novo before the district court began with the court hearing oral argument concerning the motion to dismiss. The Department argued that the failure to strictly comply with K.S.A. 77-614(b) deprived the court of subject matter jurisdiction under Commissioner v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 703 N.E.2d 680 (Ind. App. 1998), and Pittsburg State University v. Kansas Bd. of Regents, 30 Kan. App. 2d 37, 36 P.3d 853 (2001), rev. denied 273 Kan. 1036 (2002). Bruch distinguished those cases because an appeal under the Kansas Implied Consent Law is subject to a de novo review, while the typical appeal under the KJRA considers the facts actually introduced into evidence below and questions whether there was substantial evidence to support the administrative agency's actions. The district court decided to withhold its ruling until the end of the hearing.
Officer Truan was the only witness who testified at the trial. Relevant to this appeal, the officer testified that the device he used for the PBT had been approved by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE); that he believed that it was over 15 minutes from the time of the stop until the time of the test; and that Bruch was given the required advisories. Bruch's counsel objected to the officer's testimony, contending no foundation was laid that the instrument used to perform the PBT was an approved device in Kansas, that the officer waited 15 minutes to perform the test, or that Bruch gave his knowing, voluntary, intelligent consent to the PBT. Bruch argued that consent to a PBT cannot be implied under State v. Jones, 279 Kan, 71, 106 P.3d 1 (2005), which applies Fourth Amendment requirements regarding illegally obtained evidence to civil proceedings such as this one. The court responded:
"THE COURT: I guess the first problem I'm having, Mr. Holland, is my review of the file coming in, those are completely new issues that were not raised below. You raised your issues below on issues of probable cause and not the technical issues as to the breath test which might, the reason that is done to allow the Department of Revenue to have some idea whether they needed to have more technical experts and witnesses here to testify. So I'm trying to get over the first hurdle; this is an issue that we're here to determine today, whether we're restricted to the issue of probable cause.
"MR. HOLLAND: Your Honor, two responses to that. Number one, this was raised below, specifically raised below and it was specifically testified to below with the objection being noted. And because of that Miss Kelly did not even introduce into evidence the preliminary breath test results. She didn't introduce it into evidence because there was not any evidence that the 15-minute deprivation period had taken place so that's actually not true.
"Second of all, the Fourth Amendment and the Kansas Administrative Regulations must be satisfied in order to admit the evidence into trial here. Has nothing to do with whether the issue was specifically raised. The preliminary breath test in and of itself isn't even an issue that can be, even be raised under the Kansas Implied Consent Law as an independent issue. The only way it could be raised is as a probable cause issue, so that's not true, Your Honor.
"THE COURT: Just to clarify matters then I will go ahead and rule on the sufficiency of the petition that was filed and I will find it is insufficient to meet the requirements because the court cannot, based on the record provided to me, determine that in fact those are the issues you say were raised, Mr. Holland. And I will find that in fact the motion to dismiss is granted for failing to meet the requirements of sufficiency to state in the petition and we will let the Court of Appeals determine that issue."
In affirming the suspension, the Journal Entry of Trial further provided:
"1. The plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts in his petition to raise the issue of the admissibility of the Preliminary Breath Test results. The court further finds that this issue was not litigated by the plaintiff at the administrative hearing.
"2. Based upon the findings above, the court does not have subject matter jurisdiction.
"IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the administrative suspension of plaintiff's driving privileges is affirmed and that the suspension of plaintiff's drivers' license will begin on the (30th) thirtieth day after this journal entry is filed with the court."
Jurisdiction over Driver's License
Bruch argues the district court erred in finding it did not have subject matter jurisdiction to conduct a trial de novo under K.S.A. 8-259 because the petition for review failed to meet the requirements of K.S.A. 77-614. In support of this argument, Bruch raises two issues: (1) the trial court misapplied the KJRA and corresponding case law because it failed to acknowledge that the de novo review provisions provided under K.S.A. 8-259 drastically change the application and necessity of the pleading requirements contained in K.S.A. 77-614; and (2) Bruch satisfied the requirements of K.S.A. 77-614.
In response, the State raises several alternative arguments to support the decision of the district court which we have reordered for convenience: (1) the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider the PBT issue because the issue was not raised at the administrative hearing or in the petition for review and the issues were beyond the applicable scope of review; (2) Bruch's petition does not comply with the requirements of K.S.A. 77-614; and (3) remand for new trial is unnecessary, as substantial competent evidence at trial established that the certifying officer had reasonable suspicion that Bruch was driving under the influence and was justified in detaining him for further investigation. Resolution of the issues in this case first requires a review of the relevant statutory framework.
Relevant Statutory Framework
The Kansas implied consent statutes are found at K.S.A. 8-1001 et seq. A separate statute within the implied consent statutory scheme is devoted to preliminary breath tests and its use by law enforcement officers in the determination of whether probable cause exists that a licensee is operating his or her vehicle under the influence of alcohol. K.S.A. 8-1012 provides in relevant part:
"A law enforcement officer may request a person who is operating or attempting to operate a vehicle within this state to submit to a preliminary screening test of the person's breath to determine the alcohol concentration of the person's breath if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person: (a) Has alcohol in the person's body; (b) has committed a traffic infraction; or (c) has been involved in a vehicle accident or collision. . . . If the person submits to the test, the results shall be used for the purpose of assisting law enforcement officers in determining whether an arrest should be made and whether to request the tests authorized by K.S.A. 8-1001 and amendments thereto. A law enforcement officer may arrest a person based in whole or in part upon the results of a preliminary screening test. Such results shall not be admissible in any civil or criminal action except to aid the court or hearing officer in determining a challenge to the validity of the arrest or the validity of the request to submit to a test pursuant to K.S.A. 8-1001 and amendments thereto. Following the preliminary screening test, additional tests may be requested pursuant to K.S.A. 8-1001 and amendments thereto." (Emphasis added.)
Under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(a), "[a]ny person who operates or attempts to operate a vehicle within this state is deemed to have given consent . . . to submit to . . . tests . . . of the person's blood, breath, urine or other bodily substance to determine the presence of alcohol . . . ." "A law enforcement officer shall request a person to submit to a test or tests deemed consented to under subsection (a) if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or attempting to operate a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol . . . ." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(b). One of the following conditions must also exist: (1) the person was arrested or "taken into custody for any offense involving operation or attempted operation of a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol"; or (2) the person was involved in an accident "resulting in property damage, personal injury or death." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(b).
K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(f)(D) provides that if a person refuses to submit to and complete a breath, blood, or urine test, the person's driving privileges will be suspended for 1 year for the first occurrence. K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(1) provides that
"[i]f the officer certifies that the person refused the test, the scope of the [administrative] hearing shall be limited to whether:
(A) A law enforcement officer had reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or attempting to operate a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or both, or had been driving a commercial motor vehicle, as defined in K.S.A. 8-2,128, and amendments thereto, while having alcohol or other drugs in such person's system;
(B) the person was in custody or arrested for an alcohol or drug related offense or was involved in a vehicle accident or collision resulting in property damage, personal injury or death;
(C) a law enforcement officer had presented the person with the oral and written notice required by K.S.A. 8-1001, and amendments thereto; and
(D) the person refused to submit to and complete a test as requested by a law enforcement officer." (Emphasis added.)
Following an administrative hearing, K.S.A. 8-1020(o) provides that "[t]he licensee may file a petition for review of the hearing order pursuant to K.S.A. 8-259." K.S.A. 8-259 provides in relevant part:
"Except in the case of mandatory revocation under K.S.A. 8-254 or 8-286, and amendments thereto, mandatory suspension for an alcohol or drug-related conviction under subsection (b) of K.S.A. 8-1014 . . . the cancellation, suspension, revocation, disqualification or denial of a person's driving privileges by the division is subject to review. Such review shall be in accordance with the act for judicial review and civil enforcement of agency actions. . . . The action for review shall be by trial de novo to the court. The court shall take testimony, examine the facts of the case and determine whether the petitioner is entitled to driving privileges or whether the petitioner's driving privileges are subject to suspension, cancellation or revocation under the provisions of this act." (Emphasis added.)
K.S.A. 77-610 of the KJRA provides: "Judicial review is initiated by filing a petition for judicial review in the appropriate court . . . ." K.S.A. 77-614(b) states that
"[a] petition for judicial review shall set forth:
(1) The name and mailing address of the petitioner;
(2) the name and mailing address of the agency whose action is at issue;
(3) identification of the agency action at issue, together with a duplicate copy, summary or brief description of the agency action;
(4) identification of persons who were parties in any adjudicative proceedings that led to the agency action;
(5) facts to demonstrate that the petitioner is entitled to obtain judicial review;
(6) the petitioner's reasons for believing that relief should be granted; and
(7) a request for relief, specifying the type and extent of relief requested."
Following a trial de novo, this court reviews the trial court's license suspension to determine if it is supported by substantial competent evidence. Drake v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 272 Kan. 231, 233-34, 32 P.3d 705 (2001). However, the interpretation of the statute is a question of law, and this court's review is unlimited. Babe Houser Motor Co. v. Tetreault, 270 Kan. 502, 506, 14 P.3d 1149 (2000).
The heart of Bruch's attempted appeal involves the PBT's administered to him after he was stopped by the officer. If, for reasons specified by Bruch in his argument before the trial court, the PBT was not admissible at the administrative hearing, no probable cause existed to request a test under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(a) or to arrest Bruch for DUI, thereby making the request to take a test unwarranted. As evidenced by the transcript of hearing before the district court, Bruch contended in his appeal to the district court that there was no basis for requesting a PBT, that there was no showing that the law enforcement officer waited the required 15 minutes before requesting a PBT, and that the officer violated Bruch's rights under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution in administering the PBT. Bruch asserts that, for all the above reasons, the PBT was inadmissible and provided no basis for probable cause to warrant the officer's request for a test under K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 8-1001(a) or for ultimate suspension of his license.
In addition, Bruch contended in his petition, without providing any facts, that no reasonable suspicion existed to commence a DUI investigation. He also alleged that he was not allowed to call any witnesses at the administrative hearing except those witnesses authorized by law. Petitioner fails to identify any witnesses he would have called or how this limitation affected the administrative action.
Jurisdiction Over Preliminary Breath Test Issue
Although Bruch's argument focuses on the requirements of K.S.A. 77-614, the Department raises a preliminary related argument as to whether the district court had subject matter jurisdiction of the PBT issue on appeal. The Department argues that the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider the PBT issue because it was not raised at the administrative hearing or in the petition for review. The Department further contends that the issues framed by Bruch fall outside the applicable scope of review under K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(1). Thus, the Department asserts the district court's ruling was correct as a matter of law even if its reasoning was not clearly stated. See Bergstrom v. Noah, 266 Kan. 847, 875-76, 974 P.2d 531 (1999) (if a trial court reaches the right result, its decision will be upheld even though the trial court relied upon the wrong ground or assigned erroneous reasons for its decision).
Subject matter jurisdiction is vested by statute and establishes the court's authority to hear and decide a particular type of action. Pieren-Abbott v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 279 Kan. 83, 92, 106 P.3d 492 (2005). Parties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction by consent, waiver, or estoppel, nor can parties convey jurisdiction on a court by failing to object to its lack of jurisdiction. Kansas Bd. of Regents v. Skinner, 267 Kan. 808, Syl. ¶ 5, 987 P.2d 1096 (1999). Whether subject matter jurisdiction exists is a question of law over which this court's scope of review is unlimited. Back-Wenzel v. Williams, 279 Kan. 346, 347, 109 P.3d 1194 (2005). In deciding whether jurisdiction exists, the interpretation of a statute is likewise a question of law subject to unlimited review. Griffin v. Suzuki Motor Corp., 280 Kan. 447, 451, 124 P.3d 57 (2005).
"In a motor vehicle license suspension case, unless an issue is first adequately raised at the administrative hearing, it may not be raised for the first time during the district court's de novo review conducted pursuant to K.S.A. 8-259(a)." Soza v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 33 Kan. App. 2d 254, Syl. ¶1, 100 P.3d 102 (2004); see also Kempke v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 281 Kan. 770, 795, 133 P.3d 104 (2006) ("licensee bears the burden of adequately raising those issues of concern at the administrative hearing in order to raise them before the district court").
Thus, the first determination is whether the issue concerning proper foundation and consent to the PBT was litigated at the administrative hearing. See State v. Jones, 279 Kan. 71, Syl. ¶ ¶ 2, 4, 106 P.3d 1 (2005), (PBT is a search subject to the strictures of the Fourth Amendment, and the implied consent provisions of K.S.A. 8-1001 do not apply to the administration of PBT's). Bruch's counsel told the district court that this issue was litigated and that the administrative hearing officer refused to admit the results of the PBT.
As there is no transcript of the administrative hearing, we must rely upon the administrative hearing notes to determine what issues were raised below. Contrary to the Department's assertion, the PBT results are included in the administrative hearing notes. Under the provision "[o]ther issues raised," the notes do provide: "Lack of P.C. PBT-improperly administer, and it is an illegal search." As such, it does appear that this issue was raised at the hearing below.
The next determination is whether the issues raised in the petition for review fall within the applicable scope of review under K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(1). Bruch raised the following issues:
"[T]he officer lacked reasonable suspicion to begin a DUI investigation; the office[r] lacked probable cause to arrest plaintiff; that plaintiff's due process rights were violated because he was not allowed to subpoena relevant witnesses to his administrative hearing; that plaintiff also seeks review of all issues raised before the administrative hearing officer at the October 7, 2004, hearing."
In attacking the petition for review, the Department argues that the administrative hearing notes show "reasonable grounds for officer's belief that plaintiff was operating a vehicle while under the influence" was not actually litigated nor raised as an issue below. Rather, the only issues raised related to the officer's reasonable suspicion to begin the investigation or probable cause to arrest, and although Bruch contends the PBT issue falls under the probable cause to arrest issue, neither of these issues are found in the scope of review of the administrative hearing set forth in K.S.A. 8-1020(h)(1).
As set forth above, 8-1020(h)(1) provides that relevant to this issue, the scope of the hearing is limited to whether the officer had reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or attempting to operate a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and the person was in custody or arrested for an alcohol- or drug-related offense. As the trial de novo may only be upon issues raised at the administrative hearing, the specific issues raised in the petition in this case, i.e., reasonable suspicion to begin the investigation and probable cause to arrest, do not fall under the applicable scope of review.
However, the issue of whether an officer had reasonable grounds to believe the person was operating or attempting to operate a vehicle while DUI is strongly related to the issue of whether the officer had probable cause to arrest. In Sullivan v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 15 Kan. App. 2d 705, 707, 815 P.2d 566 (1991), the Court of Appeals held that "reasonable grounds" equates to "probable cause," explaining:
"'Probable cause' to arrest refers to knowledge of facts and circumstances which would lead a prudent person to believe a suspect is committing or has committed an offense. [Citation omitted.] Existence of probable cause must be determined by consideration of the information and fair inferences therefrom, known to the officer at the time of the arrest. It is not necessary that the evidence relied upon establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The evidence need not even prove that guilt is more probable than not. It is sufficient if the information leads a reasonable officer to believe that guilt is more than a possibility. [Citation omitted.]" 15 Kan. App. 2d at 707.
See State v. Jones, 279 Kan. at 75; Butcher v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 34 Kan. App. 2d 826, 830, 124 P.3d 1078 (2005) (citing Sullivan, 15 Kan. App. 2d at 707).
For example, in Vogel v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, No. 91,536, unpublished opinion filed November 5, 2004, the trial court did not make a specific ruling that the officer had reasonable grounds to request that Vogel submit to a formal breath alcohol test; however, the trial court did find that the officer had sufficient probable cause to arrest Vogel. The panel found that "[g]iven the relation of 'probable cause' to 'reasonable grounds,' a ruling that there was sufficient probable cause for an arrest also equates to a ruling that there were reasonable grounds to do so."
However, this court has found that
"'[w]hile "reasonable grounds" is synonymous in meaning with "probable cause," (see Angle v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 12 Kan. App. 2d 756, 766-67, 758 P.2d 226 [1988], rev. denied 243 Kan. 777 [1988]), one may have reasonable grounds to believe that a person was operating a vehicle under the influence but not have the probable cause required to arrest under K.S.A. 1995 Supp. 8-1001(b)(1). An arresting officer may formulate reasonable grounds sufficient to request a test under the statute before or after arrest and, under K.S.A. 1995 Supp. 8-1001(b)(2), without any arrest whatsoever.'" Huelsman v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 267 Kan. 456, 461, 980 P.2d 1022 (1999) (quoting State v. Counseller, 22 Kan. App. 2d 155, 158